植物中异戊烯基取代的酚类化合物及其分布

异戊烯基取代的酚类化合物由UbiA家族的异戊烯基转移酶(prenyltransferase)催化异戊烯基转移到芳香族化合物母核上,其亲脂性较无异戊烯基取代的化合物明显增强,并提高了与生物膜的亲和力,从而形成了各种具有重要生物学功能的活性分子,在植物防御和人体健康方面具有重要作用。本综述总结了538种异戊烯基酚类化合物的取代基类别和取代位点等,为发掘植物中新型异戊烯基转移酶,以及受体和供体的选择提供参考,以期有更多异戊烯基转移酶可应用于合成生物学来生产具有重要活性的异戊烯基酚类化合物。该文对国内外报道的378种类黄酮,80种香豆素类,27种醌类,32种二苯乙烯类,16种对羟基苯甲酸类,5种苯丙酸类共计538种异戊烯基取代的酚类化合物的取代基类别、取代位置以及在植物中的分布进行总结,发现异戊烯基酚类化合物主要分布在28个科中,且以C5和C10取代基为主。该文还综述了已鉴定功能的30余种植物芳香族异戊烯基转移酶。     

微生物异戊烯基转移酶研究进展

类异戊二烯(isoprenoids)是最具化学多样性的一种天然分子家族，参与微生物中类胡萝卜素、甾醇等次生代谢物的合成，这类物质在工业大规模生产中具有广阔的商业前景。异戊烯基转移酶是类异戊二烯合成途径中的关键酶，其活性及编码基因的转录水平参与调节次生代谢物产量，在类异戊二烯化合物生物合成途径中发挥重要作用。本文重点归纳了微生物中异戊烯基转移酶的发现与鉴定，分析其结构特点与链长决定机制，讨论异戊烯基转移酶家族之间的复杂进化，概述酶基因表达调控的应用以及生物合成研究现状，为深入研究异戊烯基转移酶作用机理及各领域中的应用提供思路。     

干花豆中的三个异戊烯基黄烷酮

从滇产干花豆（Fordia cauliflora Hemsl.）茎的乙醇提取物中首次分离得到5个化合物,通过理化及波谱分析,它们分别确定为羽扇豆醇（1）、8,8-dimethyl-2-phenyl-10-prenyl-2,3-dihydro-8H-pyrano[3,2-g]chroman-4-one（2）、7-羟基-6,8-二异戊烯基黄烷酮（3）、7-甲氧基-8-异戊烯基黄烷酮（4）和齐墩果酸（5）.     

巴西橡胶树顺式异戊烯基转移酶基因cDNA克隆及其序列特征分析

以巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)胶乳的RNA为Tester;叶片RNA为Driver,利用抑制消减杂交法(suppressive subtractive hybridization,SSH)构建了一个胶乳特异表达基因差减文库.通过反式Northern点杂交(reverse Northern dot blots)筛选到一个与顺式异戊烯基转移酶基因(橡胶生物合成的关键酶基因)高度同源的阳性克隆R363.采用RACE方法获得该克隆的全长cDNA(GenBank登陆号:AY461414).序列分析表明,该基因长1156 bp,含有873 bp的阅读框,编码290个氨基酸,分子量约为32.9 kD,等电点为7.2,含有N-端跨膜螺旋区.同源性分析表明R363编码的蛋白质具有异戊烯基转移酶家族的特征,含有cis-异戊烯基链转移酶的5个高度保守区,推测R363可能是一种新的顺式-异戊烯基转移酶基因.Northern blot分析显示,R363在胶乳中高度表达,在叶中不表达.乙烯处理前后表达强度一致,表明该基因表达不为乙烯所诱导.     

8-异戊烯基柑橘素促进体外培养成骨细胞成熟矿化的研究

研究8-异戊烯基柑橘素对体外培养大鼠颅骨成骨细胞(rat skull osteoblasts,ROB)的分化成熟及生物矿化的影响.取新生大鼠颅骨多次酶消化法得到成骨细胞,培养于含10%FBS的MEM培养液中,3天后首次换液,待细胞铺满皿底传代培养.以碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)为检测指标,96孔板梯度筛选作用最佳浓度,在最佳浓度作用并成骨性诱导培养的第3、6、9、12天测ALP活性、钙盐沉积量;第12天进行ALP和钙化结节组织化学染色及计数;成骨性诱导后不同时间点提取Total RNA,RT real-time PCR法检测成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、成骨相关转录因子Osterix、Runx-2和骨形态发生蛋白-2(BMP-2)的基因表达情况;成骨性诱导的第4、8、12天裂解获得细胞总蛋白,蛋白质印迹法检测人Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(COL-Ⅰ)的蛋白质表达量.研究结果表明:1×10-6 mol/L能显著促进成骨细胞的成熟分化,表现为提高ROB的ALP活性、促进钙盐沉积、增加钙化结节数量;提高bFGF、IGF-1、Osterix、Runx-2和BMP-2 mRNA表达水平;促进COL-Ⅰ的合成.由此可知终浓度为1×10-6 mol/L 8-异戊烯基柑橘素能显著促进ROB的分化成熟及生物矿化,证明8-异戊烯基柑橘素能促进成骨细胞的分化成熟及生物矿化,作为促进骨修复和抗骨质疏松的有效成分具有较大的药用价值.     

无花果亚属植物异戊烯基类黄酮及其生物活性研究进展北大核心CSCD

无花果亚属隶属于桑科,既是重要的水果资源,也是优良的中药资源,广泛种植于热带、亚热带地区,因含有丰富的生物活性成分和保健功效,经济价值突出。无花果亚属植物中异戊烯基类黄酮含量丰富,结构多样,已报道有37种异黄酮、2种黄烷酮、7种黄酮和1种查尔酮。无花果异戊烯基类黄酮具有突出的抗氧化活性,能够缓解更年期症状,保护骨骼、预防炎症、预防癌症等。从化学结构和生物活性两方面对无花果亚属植物的异戊烯基黄酮类化合物的研究概况进行总结,以期为该属植物的开发和利用提供参考。     

异戊烯基转移酶N端截短强化异戊烯基柚皮素合成

8-戊烯基柚皮素(8-prenylnaringenin,8-PN)是一种强有效的雌激素,具有很高的药用价值,同样也是多种异戊烯基黄酮的前体.微生物合成8-PN主要面临异戊烯基转移酶(prenyltransferases,PTs)催化活性较低以及前体供给不足等问题,严重阻碍了 8-PN在微生物体内的高效合成.文中以苦参(...     

高通量测序解析大青叶有效成分的生物合成途径

中药大青叶是菘蓝的干燥叶片,主要活性物质为吲哚类化合物,包括靛蓝、靛玉红、色胺酮等,以上吲哚类化合物的生物合成起始于色氨酸途径,目前在植物中的合成机制还未完全阐明.本研究以成熟菘蓝叶片为研究对象,对茉莉酸甲酯诱导的叶片进行了转录组分析,对已知途径进行了转录组注释,并对未解析途径进行了预测分析.分别获得了色氨酸代谢途径中色氨酸、吲哚乙酸、吲哚苷和萜类吲哚生物碱合成几个代谢支路中16个催化步骤的38个编码基因.通过共表达网络分析,预测转录因子bHLH125可能对吲哚途径具有核心调控作用;CYP2A6-1和CYP735A2等蛋白可能催化生成靛蓝、靛玉红、色胺酮前体的羟基化反应,对这两个蛋白与底物分子的结合进行分子对接建模,均显示对吲哚分子具有较好的结合力.本研究为后续开展菘蓝代谢调控和育种,以及开展吲哚类物质合成生物学研究提供候选基因.     

玉米异戊烯基焦磷酸异构酶基因的克隆及其功能分析

以玉米嫩叶为材料,采用RT-PCR技术克隆了植物萜类物质前体生物合成过程最后一个关键酶--异戊烯基焦磷酸异构酶(IPI)基因的全长cDNA,命名为ZmlPI(GenBank登录号为AY738148),该基因cDNA全长为1 382 bp,包含1 104 bp的开放阅读框,编码367个氨基酸残基.颜色互补分析表明ZmlPI能推动工程菌XLI-Blue pTreZmlPI pAC-BETA超量表达β-胡萝卜素,证实ZmIPI具有典型的IPI基因的功能.     

酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定内源植物激素

用酶联免疫法测定植物激素兼备灵敏、专一、快速等特点。在聚苯乙烯微量滴定板上依次分别连接上单克隆抗体(mAb)、抗原和酶标抗原,再通过酶促催化底物反应的量来确定非标记抗原(植物激素)的量,测定激素的极限量可达0.01pmol。本文介绍了吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA_4)、玉米素核苷(ZR)、异戊烯基腺嘌呤(iPA)和脱落酸(ABA)的ELISA程序。在植物材料测定中,发现鸭跖草表皮气孔与其ABA、iPA的含量有关。     

Prenylation at the indole ring leads to a significant increase of cytotoxicity of tryptophan-containing cyclic dipeptides

Fourteen tryptophan-containing cyclic dipeptides 1a-14a, including all four stereoisomers of cyclo-Trp-Pro and cyclo-Trp-Ala, were converted to their C2-regularly prenylated derivatives 1b-14b in the presence of dimethylallyl diphosphate by using the purified recombinant FtmPT1 as catalyst. The enzyme products were isolated on HPLC in preparative scales and their structures were elucidated by NMR and MS analyses. The cytotoxic effects of the prenylated products and their substrates were tested with human leukemia K562 and ovarian cancer A2780 sens and A2780 CisR cell lines. Preliminary results have been clearly shown that prenylation at C2 led to a significant increase of the cytotoxicity of the tested cyclic dipeptides in all the 14 cases. The second amino acid and the stereochemistry of tryptophan moiety of the cyclic dipeptides showed less influence on the cytotoxicity of the tested compounds.     

Mutation on Gly115 and Tyr205 of the cyclic dipeptide C2-prenyltransferase FtmPT1 increases its catalytic activity toward hydroxynaphthalenes

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - The fungal cyclic dipeptide prenyltransferase FtmPT1 from Aspergillus fumigatus catalyzes a regular C2-prenylation of brevianamide F (cyclo-l-Trp-l-Pro) and...     

Antioxidant activity of prenylated hydroquinone and benzoic acid derivatives from Piper crassinervium Kunth

Growing evidence suggests that RNOS (reactive nitrogen and oxygen species) are involved in the damage of biomolecules, contributing to the aetiology of several human diseases. Thus, the demand for antioxidants has stimulated the search for new compounds with potential use in this field. The in vitro antioxidant potential of prenylated hydroquinones and prenylated 4-hydroxy-benzoic acids from fruits of P. crassinervium was evaluated in terms of their capacity to suppress both DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical and chemiluminescence produced from luminol, using 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) (ABAP) as a peroxyl radical source. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation was assessed using liposomes from phosphatidylcholine as a membrane model. The prenylated hydroquinones had higher antioxidant activity than the benzoic acids and, among the hydroquinones, the E isomer was more efficient than the Z isomer.     

Potential of a 7-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase as a tool for production of prenylated indole derivatives

Recently, a gene for a 7-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase (7-DMATS) was identified in Aspergillus fumigatus and its enzymatic function was proven biochemically. In this study, the behaviour of 7-DMATS towards aromatic substrates was investigated and compared with that of the 4-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase FgaPT2 from the same fungus. In total, 24 simple indole derivatives were tested as potential substrates for 7-DMATS. With an exception of 7-methyltryptophan, all of the substances were accepted by 7-DMATS and converted to their prenylated derivatives, indicating a more flexible substrate specificity of 7-DMATS in comparison to that of FgaPT2. The relative activities of 7-DMATS towards these substrates were from 4% to 89% of that of L-tryptophan, much higher than that of FgaPT2. Structural elucidation of the isolated enzymatic products by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry analysis proved unequivocally the prenylation at position C7 of the indole ring. Overnight incubation with eight substances showed that the conversion ratios were in the range of 55.9% to 99.7%. This study provided an additional example that prenylated indole derivatives can be effectively produced by using the overproduced and purified 7-DMATS.     

Sequence dependence and differential expression of Ggamma5 subunit isoforms of the heterotrimeric G proteins variably processed after prenylation in mammalian cells

Between 1 and 2% of proteins coded for in the human genome, including all G protein gamma subunits, are predicted to be prenylated. Subsequently, prenylated proteins are proteolytically cleaved at the C terminus and carboxymethylated. These reactions are generally obligatory events required for functional expression of prenylated proteins. The biological role of prenyl substrates has made these reactions significant targets for anticancer drug development. Understanding the enzymology of this pathway will be key to success for this strategy. When Ggamma1, -2, -4, -10, -11, -12, and -13 were expressed in HEK293 cells they were completely processed according to the current understanding of the prenylation reaction. In contrast, Ggamma5 was processed to two forms; a minor one, fully processed as predicted, and a major one that was prenylated without further processing. When the Ca(1)a(2)X motif of Ggamma5, CSFL, was exchanged for that of Ggamma2, CAIL, Ggamma5 was completely processed. Conversely, Ggamma2-SFL was incompletely processed. Differential processing of Ggamma5 was found due to the presence of an aromatic amino acid in its Ca(1)a(2)X motif. Retrieving endogenous Ggamma subunits from HEK293 or Neuro-2a cells with FLAG-Gbeta constructs identified multiple Ggamma subunits by mass spectrometry in either cell, but in both cases the most prominent one was Ggamma5 expressed without C-terminal processing after prenylation. This work indicates that post-prenylation reactions can generate multiple products determined by the C-terminal Ca(1)a(2)X motif. Within the human genome 10% of predicted prenylated proteins have aromatic amino acids in their Ca(1)a(2)X sequence and would likely generate the prenylation pattern described here.     

Flavanoids from Dalea elegans: Chemical reassignment and determination of kinetics parameters related to their anti-tyrosinase activity

In the first chemical investigation developed on the species Dalea elegans twenty years ago, the occurrence of two prenylated derivatives of pinocembrin was reported: 2′,4′-dihydroxy-5′-(1‴,1‴-dimethylallyl)-6-prenylpinocembrin (6PP) given as a new structure in this family of compounds, and another derivative of already known structure, 6-prenylpinocembrin (6P). In the present paper, their structures were again analyzed by using spectroscopic techniques, especially 2D NMR. Based on the evidence obtained it is proposed the reassignment of both flavanones as: 2′,4′-dihydroxy-5′-(1‴,1‴-dimethylallyl)-8-prenylpinocembrin (8PP) for the first and 8-prenylpinocembrin (8P) for the last. Additionally, triangularin, demethoxymatteucinol, comptonin and 7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-6,8-dimethylflavanone were isolated from aerial parts of D. elegans and informed by the first time for this species. All of these compounds were evaluated in vitro in relation to the antityrosinase effect by using a spectrophotometric method. Compound 8PP (IC₅₀ 2.32 ± 0.01 μM) exhibited the most potency and was two times more active than Kojic acid (IC₅₀ 4.93 ± 0.01 μM) used as a positive control. Triangularin also has shown an important inhibitory activity. Kinetic studies were performed for both compounds. Hence, new tyrosinase inhibitors with potential applications in pharmacy and cosmetic industry are presented.     

Cytotoxic Polyphenols from a Sponge‐Associated Fungus Aspergillus versicolor Hmp‐48

A new dibenzo[1,4]dioxin 1 , and two new prenylated diphenyl ethers, 2 and 3 , together with six known compounds, 4 – 9 , were isolated from a sponge‐associated fungus Aspergillus versicolor Hmp‐F48 by bioactivity‐guided fractionation. Their structures were elucidated by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, and MS analyses. The compounds showed potent cell growth inhibitory activities against HL‐60 cell line.     

Increasing structure diversity of prenylated diketopiperazine derivatives by using a 4-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase

To create structural diversity of prenylated diketopiperazine derivatives, acceptance of cyclic dipeptides was tested using FgaPT2, a prenyltransferase from Aspergillus fumigatus, which catalyses the conversion of l-tryptophan to 4-dimethylallyl-l-tryptophan. It could be shown that seven tryptophan-containing cyclic dipeptides were accepted by FgaPT2 at high protein concentrations and regiospecifically converted to their C4 prenylated derivatives. The structures of the enzymatic products were elucidated by NMR and LC-MS analyses. This substrate promiscuity of a dimethylallyltryptophan synthase towards cyclic dipeptides increases the potential of the fungal indole prenyltransferases as tools for the production of biologically active compounds. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Flavonoid and stilbenoid production in callus cultures of Artocarpus lakoocha

Callus cultures of Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb., established from seedling explants and maintained on woody plant medium containing 1 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1 mg/l benzyladenine, were studied for their chemical constituents and biosynthetic potential of secondary metabolites. Four prenylflavones and prenylated stilbenes, along with nine known polyphenolic compounds, were isolated and elucidated for their structures through extensive analysis of their NMR and MS data. Among the 13 isolates, it appeared that seven of them are prenylated derivatives of 5,7,2′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavones, and four are prenylated derivatives of 2,4,3′,5′-tetrahydroxystilbene (oxyresveratrol), suggesting that the biosynthetic pathways of these two polyphenolic groups and their prenylating enzymes are highly expressed in A. lakoocha callus cultures. A study on the growth-product relationship of the callus cultures showed that the secondary metabolites were all formed simultaneously during the rapid growth phase of the culture cycle, with various prenylflavones, and a prenylated stilbene as major constituents. In assays for DPPH free radical scavenging activity and tyrosinase inhibitory potential, the stilbenoids appeared to possess moderate effects, whereas the flavonoids showed only weak activity.     

Cytotoxic activities and anti-tumor-promoting effects of microbial transformation products of prenylated chalcones from Angelica keiskei

Three prenylated chalcones, 4-hydroxyderricin (1), xanthoangelol (2), and xanthoangelol F (3), isolated from Angelica keiskei, were transformed by the fungus Aspergillus saitoi. These chalcones were converted to flavanones (i.e., 4, 8, and 12), and prenyl-chain-hydrated (i.e., 5, 7, 9-11, and 13) and ring-B-hydroxylated (i.e., 6) chalcones. The structures of three new metabolites, 7, 9, and 13, were established as 2″,3″-dihydro-4,3″-dihydroxyderricin, 6″,7″-dihydro-7″-hydroxyxanthoangelol, and 6″,7″-dihydro-7″-hydroxyxanthoangelol F, respectively. Upon evaluation of cytotoxic activities of compounds 1-13, the metabolite 7 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against HL60 cells, and this cell death was revealed to be mostly due to apoptosis. In addition, compounds 1-4, 7-10, 12, and 13 were examined for their inhibitory effects on the induction of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in Raji cells. All compounds tested showed inhibitory effects against EBV-EA activation with potencies higher than that of β-carotene. Furthermore, the metabolite 13 exhibited inhibitory effect on skin tumor promotion in an in vivo two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test based on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator, and with TPA as promoter.