中国兽类种群生态学研究进展与展望

兽类种群生态学是现代生态学的核心研究内容。Charles Sutherland Elton在20世纪20年代发现小哺乳动物种群波动现象,标志着现代种群生态学研究的开始。什么因素调节种群波动的问题一直是现代种群生态学领域的研究热点。我国兽类种群生态学研究始于20世纪50年代,迄今,已走过了70年的发展历程,并取得了重要成果。本综述基于20世纪50年代以来我国学者在主流中文期刊及科学引文索引（Science Citation Index,简称SCI）刊物发表的历史文献,分别从种群波动格局、种群统计参数变化、种群内部和外部调节等不同层面评述了我国在鼠类和大型兽类种群生态学的研究历程及现状,同时探讨了未来的研究方向。     

我国五十五年来的兽类学

中国动物学会成立55年了,这55年来,我国的兽类学的发展过程是怎样呢?愿就个人所见,提一些不成熟的看法。 近代兽类学在我国起步并不晚,20年代中期,秉志先生前后发表过有关江豚形态及老虎骨学等方面文章有9篇之多;20年代后期石声汉先生发表过以傜山兽类调查为主的4篇论文。但是后来二位都不作兽类学的研究,兽类学的工作形同夭折。到1934年,也就是中国动物学会成立那年,兽类学又重新兴起,何锡瑞先生连续发表4篇论文,傅桐生、刘承钊等先生在1937年以前也作了一定的工作。刘先生刺猬     

《兽类学报》投稿须知

本刊为兽类学的综合性学术期刊(双月刊),由中国科学院西北高原生物研究所和中国动物学会兽类学分会主办。刊登兽类学各研究领域的原创性研究论文,主要包括生态学、行为学、保护生物学、繁殖与发育、营养和生理学以及哺乳动物的进化等,也发表关于珍惜濒危兽类的词养、疾病诊断与治疗和害兽的防治、经济兽类的开发利用等应用基础研究领域的研究论文。     

《兽类学报》投稿须知

本刊为兽类学的综合性学术期刊(季刊),由中国科学院西北高原生物研究所和中国动物学会兽类学分会主办。刊登兽类学各研究领域的原创性研究论文,主要包括生态学、行为学、保护生物学、繁殖与发育、营养和生理学以及哺乳动物的进化等,也发表关于珍惜濒危兽类的饲养、疾病诊断与治疗和害兽的防治、经济兽类的开发利用等应用基础研究领域的研究论文。     

《兽类学报》投稿须知

正本刊为兽类学的综合性学术期刊(季刊),由中国科学院西北高原生物研究所和中国动物学会兽类学分会主办。刊登兽类学各研究领域的原创性研究论文,主要包括生态学、行为学、保护生物学、繁殖与发育、营养和生理学以及哺乳动物的进化等,也发表关于珍惜濒危兽类的饲养、疾病诊断与治疗和害兽的防治、经济兽类的开发利用等应用基础研究领域的研究论文。     

《兽类学报》投稿须知

正本刊为兽类学的综合性学术期刊(季刊),由中国科学院西北高原生物研究所和中国动物学会兽类学分会主办。刊登兽类学各研究领域的原创性研究论文,主要包括生态学、行为学、保护生物学、繁殖与发育、营养和生理学以及哺乳动物的进化等,也发表关于珍惜濒危兽类的饲养、疾病诊断与治疗和害兽的防治、经济兽类的开发利用等应用基础研究领域的研究论文。     

《兽类学报》投稿须知

正本刊为兽类学的综合性学术期刊(季刊),由中国科学院西北高原生物研究所和中国动物学会兽类学分会主办。刊登兽类学各研究领域的原创性研究论文,主要包括生态学、行为学、保护生物学、繁殖与发育、营养和生理学以及哺乳动物的进化等,也发表关于珍惜濒危兽类的饲养、疾病诊断与治疗和害兽的防治、经济兽类的开发利用等应用基础研究领域的研究论文。     

《兽类学报》投稿须知

本刊为兽类学的综合性学术期刊(双月刊),由中国科学院西北高原生物研究所和中国动物学会兽类学分会主办。刊登兽类学各研究领域的原创性研究论文,主要包括生态学、行为学、保护生物学、繁殖与发育、营养和生理学以及哺乳动物的进化等,也发表关于珍惜濒危兽类的饲养、疾病诊断与治疗和害兽的防治、经济兽类的开发利用等应用基础研究领域的研究论文。     

《兽类学报》投稿须知

正本刊为兽类学的综合性学术期刊(季刊),由中国科学院西北高原生物研究所和中国动物学会兽类学分会主办。刊登兽类学各研究领域的原创性研究论文,主要包括生态学、行为学、保护生物学、繁殖与发育、营养和生理学以及哺乳动物的进化等,也发表关于珍惜濒危兽类的饲养、疾病诊断与治疗和害兽的防治、经济兽类的开发利用等应用基础研究领域的研究论文。     

《兽类学报》投稿须知

本刊为兽类学的综合性学术期刊(季刊),由中国科学院西北高原生物研究所和中国动物学会兽类学分会主办。刊登兽类学各研究领域的原创性研究论文,主要包括生态学、行为学、保护生物学、繁殖与发育、营养和生理学以及哺乳动物的进化等,也发表关于珍惜濒危兽类的饲养、疾病诊断与治疗和害兽的防治、经济兽类的开发利用等应用基础研究领域的研究论文。     

松鼠生态学研究现状与展望

松鼠(Sciurus vulgaris)是一种广泛分布于欧亚大陆的树栖杂食性啮齿动物。在欧洲,由于入侵种北美灰松鼠(S.carolinensis)的引入,松鼠的数量急剧减少,松鼠的生态学研究受到广泛的关注。在中国,松鼠因贮食坚果的习性而受到重视。本文从个体生态学、种群生态学、种间关系和行为生态学的角度对松鼠生态学研究成果进行了综述。松鼠是哺乳动物生态学研究很好的模式种,以下5个方面的研究将成为松鼠生态学研究的新方向:(1)不同分布区松鼠的比较生态学;(2)与森林天然更新的关系;(3)集合种群动态及其对生境破碎化的响应;(4)分子系统地理学;(5)作为景观管理的实验种。     

江苏丹徒莲花洞动物群

1981年3月和5月中至6月初,先后从丹徒县西南白龙岗山的莲花洞中采集到一颗智人牙齿及15种哺乳动物化石。人类牙齿为—M_2,可能属于一青少年个体;哺乳动物组合性质表明莲花洞堆积物的时代为晚更新世,早于溧水神仙洞,晚于江苏句容洞穴堆积物的时代。     

中国兽类学四十年的发展与展望

2020年是中国动物学会兽类学分会成立和《兽类学报》创刊40周年。近40年来中国兽类学在各个领域都有了健康快速地发展,特别是分类学与区系演化、种群生态学、生理生态学、行为生态学、保护生态学、保护遗传学、分子进化、栖息地评估等领域。本期有11篇论文,分别对我国这些领域的发展进行了总结,并对未来的发展提出了展望。野生哺乳动物疫病及其传播规律、兽类在生态系统中的地位和作用、保护生理学、保护宏基因组学等是需要加强发展的领域。     

Axoplasmic flow of adrenaline and monoamine oxidase in amphibian sympathetic nerves

Summary The accumulation of both A and MAO proximal to a ligature on toad spinal nerves has been shown to occur at a slower rate than in mammals. As in mammals, there are two components of axonal transport in amphibian nerves, with the accumulation of A reaching a peak at between 4 and 7 days (cf. 2–4 days for NA in mammals), while MAO accumulation does not reach its maximum before 9 days (cf. 7 days in mammals). No accumulation occurs after sympathectomy, providing evidence for localization of MAO within amphibian sympathetic adrenergic nerves. Distal accumulation of MAO occurs in toad sympathetic nerves; this has not been reported to occur in mammalian nerves. Distal accumulation reaches a peak at 2–4 days, which suggests either a fast retrograde flow of MAO or that induction of MAO is occurring. These results are discussed in relation to differences between mammalian and amphibian sympathetic nerves and to the events occurring following ligation of these nerves.We wish to thank Judy Lenk, Vivienne Einhorn and Barbara Peachey for their assistance with the initial MAO histochemical work. This work was supported by grants from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Australian Research Grants Committee.     

哺乳动物对气候变化响应的研究热点演变分析——基于动物学记录（Zoology Record）的文献计量分析

利用Thomson Data Analysis软件对Zoology Record数据库中收录的1942篇哺乳动物对气候变化响应领域的期刊论文做了重点分析。以关键词为核心分析了不同哺乳动物物种、不同地质年代的研究热点分布和研究热点演变,以及2001-2005年、2006-2010年、2011-2015年3个年代段中的研究热点的演变规律。结果显示：进入2000年以后,该领域文献呈现逐年递增;研究热点显示出了较强的物种相关性;不同地质年代对应的物种研究有细微变化;3个文献发表年代段的研究热点显示出了该领域的热点演变规律。     

Axoplasmic flow of adrenaline and monoamine oxidase in amphibian sympathetic nerves

Summary The accumulation of both A and MAO proximal to a ligature on toad spinal nerves has been shown to occur at a slower rate than in mammals. As in mammals, there are two components of axonal transport in amphibian nerves, with the accumulation of A reaching a peak at between 4 and 7 days (cf. 2–4 days for NA in mammals), while MAO accumulation does not reach its maximum before 9 days (cf. 7 days in mammals). No accumulation occurs after sympathectomy, providing evidence for localization of MAO within amphibian sympathetic adrenergic nerves. Distal accumulation of MAO occurs in toad sympathetic nerves; this has not been reported to occur in mammalian nerves. Distal accumulation reaches a peak at 2–4 days, which suggests either a fast retrograde flow of MAO or that induction of MAO is occurring. These results are discussed in relation to differences between mammalian and amphibian sympathetic nerves and to the events occurring following ligation of these nerves.We wish to thank Judy Lenk, Vivienne Einhorn and Barbara Peachey for their assistance with the initial MAO histochemical work. This work was supported by grants from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Australian Research Grants Committee.     

Metabolism of praziquantel in kingfish Seriola lalandi

Investigations into the metabolism of drugs used in aquatic animal therapy are useful for understanding the mechanisms of xenobiotic transformation systems and can aid the development of dosing regimens. This study investigated the metabolism of the synthetic anthelmintic praziquantel, which has application in helminthiasis treatment for several fish species including kingfish Seriola lalandi, a commercial aquaculture finfish species. At least 7 mono- or dihydroxylated derivatives of the parent compound were identified in kingfish after administration of a 150 mg kg(-1) oral praziquantel dose, paralleling findings in mammals. The structure of one representative mono-hydroxylated species that was prominent in the skin, muscle, liver, kidney and plasma of kingfish was investigated using fragmentation experiments; this revealed that hydroxylation of the parent molecule occurred in the tetrahydroisoquinoline region of praziquantel, analogous with mammalian metabolites, but different to that of the active mammalian metabolite (trans-4-OH-praziquantel). The implications of these findings with regard to biotransformation systems for this drug in mammals and fish are discussed.     

Experimental tests of the role of predation in the population dynamics of voles and lemmings

• 1 Reasons for fluctuating populations of small mammals have been intensively investigated since the early days of modern ecology. Particular interest has been taken in vole populations exhibiting multiannual oscillations. Much empirical and theoretical work has been accomplished to find out the key factor(s) driving these population cycles and many reviews have been written about the results.
• 2 One of the most plausible processes for explaining regular fluctuations in small mammals is predation. Here I review the existing literature on the experimental studies of the role of predation in vole population dynamics in the hope that a critical examination of these studies will help researchers improve the design of future experiments.
• 3 Most predation manipulations have been done in exclosures, but there are also studies that have attempted to reduce or increase predator numbers in non‐fenced areas, islands and enclosures.
• 4 As the number of experimental studies has increased, their quality in terms of replication, use of controls and realistic spatial and temporal scales has also improved.
• 5 Most studies have found population‐level effects of predator manipulations on prey populations. The effects have varied from very weak to very strong, reflecting dissimilar experimental designs and the great variety of predator–prey interactions among different kinds of species in different landscapes. Most of these studies show that predation limits population growth of voles, and in some circumstances even regulate vole population fluctuations, but none of them clearly demonstrates that predation consistently changes fluctuation patterns of voles.
• 6 To be able to assess more reliably the true role of predation on (cyclic) population fluctuations of voles, more competent experiments are still needed not only over the geographical range of cyclic population dynamics, but also in areas of weakly or non‐cyclic populations of voles.

     

Structure of respiratory complex I – An emerging blueprint for the mechanism

Complex I is one of the major respiratory complexes, conserved from bacteria to mammals. It oxidises NADH, reduces quinone and pumps protons across the membrane, thus playing a central role in the oxidative energy metabolism. In this review we discuss our current state of understanding the structure of complex I from various species of mammals, plants, fungi, and bacteria, as well as of several complex I-related proteins. By comparing the structural evidence from these systems in different redox states and data from mutagenesis and molecular simulations, we formulate the mechanisms of electron transfer and proton pumping and explain how they are conformationally and electrostatically coupled. Finally, we discuss the structural basis of the deactivation phenomenon in mammalian complex I.     

Autoregressive modelling of species richness in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Spatial autocorrelation is the lack of independence between pairs of observations at given distances within a geographical space, a phenomenon commonly found in ecological data. Taking into account spatial autocorrelation when evaluating problems in geographical ecology, including gradients in species richness, is important to describe both the spatial structure in data and to correct the bias in Type I errors of standard statistical analyses. However, to effectively solve these problems it is necessary to establish the best way to incorporate the spatial structure to be used in the models. In this paper, we applied autoregressive models based on different types of connections and distances between 181 cells covering the Cerrado region of Central Brazil to study the spatial variation in mammal and bird species richness across the biome. Spatial structure was stronger for birds than for mammals, with R(2) values ranging from 0.77 to 0.94 for mammals and from 0.77 to 0.97 for birds, for models based on different definitions of spatial structures. According to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the best autoregressive model was obtained by using the rook connection. In general, these results furnish guidelines for future modelling of species richness patterns in relation to environmental predictors and other variables expressing human occupation in the biome.