脂质组学研究方法及其应用

脂质不仅是生物膜的骨架成分和能量贮存物质,越来越多的证据表明,脂质也参与细胞的许多重要功能。脂质组学是代谢组学的一个重要分支,主要研究生物体内所有的脂质分子的特性以及它们在蛋白质表达和基因调控过程中的作用。脂质组学是依赖技术驱动的科学。近年来,随着人们对脂质研究的重视,脂质组学研究方法和策略有了突破性进展,在动物上开发出的脂质组学分析方法已经扩展应用到植物上。该文重点介绍脂质组学的研究方法及其应用,以期推动脂质组学,特别是植物脂质组学的进一步发展。     

生物质谱分析法在脂质组学的应用

脂质与许多慢性病(如糖尿病、高血压)和精神系统疾病(如阿尔茨海默病)等有关。脂质组学是以现代生物技术为手段,对生物体中的全脂质进行定性和定量的一门新兴学科。目前,生物质谱分析法是对脂质谱进行分析和定量的最有效方法,国内对脂质组学的系统研究还比较匮乏。综述脂质组学的概念与分类,探究不同的生物样品前处理方法,系统介绍近几年国际上生物质谱分析法在脂质组学的应用,并对脂质组学的发展趋势进行展望。     

脂质组学研究进展

综述了脂质组学的研究现状和发展趋势.脂质组学是对生物体、组织或细胞中的脂质以及与其相互作用的分子进行系统分析的一门新兴学科.脂质具有多种重要的生物功能,脂质代谢异常可引发诸多人类疾病,包括糖尿病、肥胖症、癌症以及神经退行性疾病等.目前,脂质组学研究已成为一个前景广阔的热门领域,并广泛地应用到包括药物研发、分子生理学、分子病理学、功能基因组学、营养学以及环境与健康等重要领域.     

脂质组学分析方法进展及其在癌症研究中的应用

脂质占人体内源性代谢物的一半以上,种类繁多,结构复杂,因而具有多种生物功能,与多种生命活动密切相关。脂质组学是代谢组学分支的新兴学科,它可以通过比较不同生理状态下脂质含量的变化,寻找代谢通路中关键的脂质生物标志物,最终揭示脂质在各种生命活动中的作用机制。随着质谱技术的进步,脂质组学在疾病脂类生物标志物的识别、疾病诊断、药物作用机制的研究等方面已展现出广泛的应用前景。本文主要就脂质组学近几年的分析方法进展及其在癌症中的最新应用进行了综述。     

植物代谢组学的研究方法及其应用

代谢组是指某一生物或细胞在一特定生理时期内所有的低分子量代谢产物。植物代谢组学是指对植物抽提物中代谢组进行高通量、无偏差全面分析的技术。近年来, 植物代谢组学研究取得了很大进展。本文介绍了其含义、历史沿革及研究方法, 并用典型实例阐释了它的应用方向。     

植物代谢组学的研究方法及其应用

代谢组是指某一生物或细胞在一特定生理时期内所有的低分子量代谢产物.植物代谢组学是指对植物抽提物中代谢组进行高通量、无偏差全面分析的技术.近年来,植物代谢组学研究取得了很大进展.本文介绍了其含义、历史沿革及研究方法,并用典型实例阐释了它的应用方向.     

植物脂质应答逆境胁迫生理功能的研究进展

脂质是生命有机体中一类重要的化合物,可以参与并调节多种生命活动,并且在植物应答非生物胁迫(盐胁迫、干旱胁迫和温度胁迫等)过程中发挥着重要生理功能。但长期以来,对于脂质的研究多集中于动物细胞和医学领域,却疏于关注植物研究领域。借助于"组"学思想和生物技术的快速发展,脂质组学由于可以深层次、全面地揭示脂质的组分与功能,近年来备受关注。基于此,文中通过对脂质的功能与分类、脂质组学技术进展、植物脂质响应干旱胁迫、盐胁迫和温度胁迫生理功能进展等的国内外现有研究进行了归纳与总结,并提出了不足与展望,为探索脂质在植物抗逆过程的生理功能和脂质组学等领域深入研究提供一定的基础。     

代谢组学研究进展及其应用

代谢组学是系统生物学的重要组成部分,其通过研究生物体代谢物的变化来认识生命体的生理与生化状态,从而找出其中隐藏的规律。对代谢组学的含义,研究任务进行介绍;综述代谢组学的产生和技术平台及其在植物、微生物、疾病诊断及毒物学等领域的应用,并对代谢组学的发展趋势以及面临的挑战等问题进行评述。     

果树代谢组学研究进展

果树代谢组学是继基因组学、蛋白质组学之后又一新兴的组学技术,主要是从代谢水平研究果树整体或局部代谢物变化差异,帮助发现新功能基因和了解代谢网络。目前果树代谢组学研究刚刚起步,相关研究相对较少,该文介绍了果树代谢组学的主要研究内容与方法以及在果树上的相关应用。     

基于电喷雾电离串联质谱技术的植物脂质组学研究进展

研究表明,脂质不但参与植物的信号转导、小泡运输、细胞骨架重组等多种细胞过程,而且在植物的生长发育和胁迫反应中具有重要作用．但是脂质本身的多样性、复杂性、以及分析手段的滞后限制了人们对脂质的深入认识．电喷雾电离串联质谱(ESI-MS/MS)技术作为一种直接进样的高通量分析技术,能够在短时间内对大多数脂质的不同分子种进行定量分析,极大地方便了人们了解植物因环境变化和生长发育引起的组织内脂质分子种的微量变化．近年来,该技术在植物上的成功应用,推动植物脂质组学研究取得了重要进展,揭示出脂质在植物的逆境胁迫反应、防御反应中的多种功能,促进了植物脂质代谢相关基因的鉴定．而且,该技术与其他脂质分析技术结合,促使人们在脂质的分布、运输、转化和新脂质种类的鉴定方面有新的进展．概要介绍了ESI-MS/MS技术的特点,重点综述了该技术在植物脂质组学研究中的应用进展,并展望了该技术今后的发展方向.     

Novel advances in shotgun lipidomics for biology and medicine

The field of lipidomics, as coined in 2003, has made profound advances and been rapidly expanded. The mass spectrometry-based strategies of this analytical methodology-oriented research discipline for lipid analysis are largely fallen into three categories: direct infusion-based shotgun lipidomics, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based platforms, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry-based approaches (particularly in imagining lipid distribution in tissues or cells). This review focuses on shotgun lipidomics. After briefly introducing its fundamentals, the major materials of this article cover its recent advances. These include the novel methods of lipid extraction, novel shotgun lipidomics strategies for identification and quantification of previously hardly accessible lipid classes and molecular species including isomers, and novel tools for processing and interpretation of lipidomics data. Representative applications of advanced shotgun lipidomics for biological and biomedical research are also presented in this review. We believe that with these novel advances in shotgun lipidomics, this approach for lipid analysis should become more comprehensive and high throughput, thereby greatly accelerating the lipidomics field to substantiate the aberrant lipid metabolism, signaling, trafficking, and homeostasis under pathological conditions and their underpinning biochemical mechanisms.     

Applications of nuclear magnetic resonance in lipid analyses: An emerging powerful tool for lipidomics studies

The role of lipids in cell, tissue, and organ physiology is crucial; as many diseases, including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, and infectious diseases, are closely related to absorption and metabolism of lipids. Mass spectrometry (MS) based methods are the most developed powerful tools to study the synthetic pathways and metabolic networks of cellular lipids in biological systems; leading to the birth of an emerging subject lipidomics, which has been extensively reviewed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), another powerful analytical tool, which allows the visualization of single atoms and molecules, is receiving increasing attention in lipidomics analyses. However, very little work focusing on lipidomic studies using NMR has been critically reviewed. This paper presents a first comprehensive summary of application of ¹H, ¹³C & ³¹P NMR in lipids and lipidomics analyses. The scientific basis, principles and characteristic diagnostic peaks assigned to specific atoms/molecular structures of lipids are presented. Applications of 2D NMR in mapping and monitoring of the components and their changes in complex lipids systems, as well as alteration of lipid profiling over disease development are also reviewed. The applications of NMR lipidomics in diseases diagnosis and food adulteration are exemplified.     

Lipidomics in biomedical research-practical considerations

Lipids have many central physiological roles including as structural components of cell membranes, energy storage sources and intermediates in signaling pathways. Lipid-related disturbances are known to underlie many diseases and their co-morbidities. The emergence of lipidomics has empowered researchers to study lipid metabolism at the cellular as well as physiological levels at a greater depth than was previously possible. The key challenges ahead in the field of lipidomics in medical research lie in the development of experimental protocols and in silico techniques needed to study lipidomes at the systems level. Clinical questions where lipidomics may have an impact in healthcare settings also need to be identified, both from the health outcomes and health economics perspectives. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: BBALIP_Lipidomics Opinion Articles edited by Sepp Kohlwein.     

Diurnal Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Applications of Circadian Lipidomics

The circadian timing system plays a key role in orchestrating lipid metabolism. In concert with the solar cycle, the circadian system ensures that daily rhythms in lipid absorption, storage, and transport are temporally coordinated with rest-activity and feeding cycles. At the cellular level, genes involved in lipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation are rhythmically activated and repressed by core clock proteins in a tissue-specific manner. Consequently, loss of clock gene function or misalignment of circadian rhythms with feeding cycles （e.g., in shift work） results in impaired lipid homeostasis. Herein, we review recent progress in circadian rhythms research using lipidomics, i.e., large-scale profiling of lipid metabolites, to characterize circadian-regulated lipid pathways in mammals. In mice, novel regulatory circuits involved in fatty acid metabolism have been identified in adipose tissue, liver, and muscle. Extensive diversity in circadian regulation of plasma lipids has also been revealed in humans using lipidomics and other metabolomics approaches. In future studies, lipidomics platforms will be increasingly used to better understand the effects of genetic variation, shift work, food intake, and drugs on circadian-regulated lipid pathways and metabolic health.     

Lipidomics: when apocrypha becomes canonical

Lipidomics is a branch of the field of metabolomics. Although only about a decade since its inception, lipidomics has already had a major influence on the way in which questions about lipid metabolism and signaling are posed. The field is intertwined in the culture and rich history of mass spectrometry. Early work emphasized analytical issues such as limits of detection and numbers of molecular species quantitated in single injections. Increased sophistication in applications of lipidomic analysis and emerging technologies, such as imaging mass spectrometry, are facilitating the study of lipid metabolism and signaling species in cellular functions and human diseases. In the coming years we anticipate a richer understanding of how specific lipid species mediate complex biological processes and interconnections between cellular pathways that were thought to be disparate.     

Lipid species profiling: a high-throughput approach to identify lipid compositional changes and determine the function of genes involved in lipid metabolism and signaling

The development of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has provided the foundation for the development of strategies to identify and quantify complex lipids from unfractionated extracts of small biological samples. In the 1990s, the feasibility of detailed lipid profiling was demonstrated; in the past two years, analytical strategies have been extended to include classes of lipids that are unique to plants. High-throughput lipid profiling by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, in combination with forward- or reverse-genetics approaches, has recently been utilized to identify lipid metabolic pathways that are involved in plant development and stress responses, to specify the roles of particular genes and enzymes in plant responses to environmental cues, to determine the lipid species that serve as the substrates and products of specific enzymes, and to identify lipid-metabolizing enzymes that are involved in varied plant processes.     

Lipidomics in tissues, cells and subcellular compartments

Mass spectrometry (MS) advances in recent years have revolutionized the biochemical analysis of lipids in plants, and made possible new theories about the structural diversity and functional complexity of lipids in plant cells. Approaches have been developed to profile the lipidome of plants with increasing chemical and spatial resolution. Here we highlight a variety of methods for lipidomics analysis at the tissue, cellular and subcellular levels. These procedures allow the simultaneous identification and quantification of hundreds of lipids species in tissue extracts by direct-infusion MS, localization of lipids in tissues and cells by laser desorption/ionization MS, and even profiling of lipids in individual subcellular compartments by direct-organelle MS. Applications of these approaches to achieve improved understanding of plant lipid metabolism, compartmentation and function are discussed.     

Lipidomics as a Principal Tool for Advancing Biomedical Research

Lipidomics,which targets at the construction of a comprehensive map of lipidome comprising the entire lipid pool within a cell or tissue,is currently emerging as an independent discipline at the interf...