脂质组学研究方法及其应用

脂质不仅是生物膜的骨架成分和能量贮存物质, 越来越多的证据表明, 脂质也参与细胞的许多重要功能。脂质组学是代谢组学的一个重要分支, 主要研究生物体内所有的脂质分子的特性以及它们在蛋白质表达和基因调控过程中的作用。脂质组学是依赖技术驱动的科学。近年来, 随着人们对脂质研究的重视, 脂质组学研究方法和策略有了突破性进展, 在动物上开发出的脂质组学分析方法已经扩展应用到植物上。该文重点介绍脂质组学的研究方法及其应用, 以期推动脂质组学,特别是植物脂质组学的进一步发展。     

生物质谱分析法在脂质组学的应用

脂质与许多慢性病(如糖尿病、高血压)和精神系统疾病(如阿尔茨海默病)等有关。脂质组学是以现代生物技术为手段,对生物体中的全脂质进行定性和定量的一门新兴学科。目前,生物质谱分析法是对脂质谱进行分析和定量的最有效方法,国内对脂质组学的系统研究还比较匮乏。综述脂质组学的概念与分类,探究不同的生物样品前处理方法,系统介绍近几年国际上生物质谱分析法在脂质组学的应用,并对脂质组学的发展趋势进行展望。     

脂质组学研究进展

综述了脂质组学的研究现状和发展趋势.脂质组学是对生物体、组织或细胞中的脂质以及与其相互作用的分子进行系统分析的一门新兴学科.脂质具有多种重要的生物功能,脂质代谢异常可引发诸多人类疾病,包括糖尿病、肥胖症、癌症以及神经退行性疾病等.目前,脂质组学研究已成为一个前景广阔的热门领域,并广泛地应用到包括药物研发、分子生理学、分子病理学、功能基因组学、营养学以及环境与健康等重要领域.     

脂质组学分析方法进展及其在癌症研究中的应用

脂质占人体内源性代谢物的一半以上,种类繁多,结构复杂,因而具有多种生物功能,与多种生命活动密切相关。脂质组学是代谢组学分支的新兴学科,它可以通过比较不同生理状态下脂质含量的变化,寻找代谢通路中关键的脂质生物标志物,最终揭示脂质在各种生命活动中的作用机制。随着质谱技术的进步,脂质组学在疾病脂类生物标志物的识别、疾病诊断、药物作用机制的研究等方面已展现出广泛的应用前景。本文主要就脂质组学近几年的分析方法进展及其在癌症中的最新应用进行了综述。     

植物代谢组学的研究方法及其应用

代谢组是指某一生物或细胞在一特定生理时期内所有的低分子量代谢产物。植物代谢组学是指对植物抽提物中代谢组进行高通量、无偏差全面分析的技术。近年来, 植物代谢组学研究取得了很大进展。本文介绍了其含义、历史沿革及研究方法, 并用典型实例阐释了它的应用方向。     

植物代谢组学的研究方法及其应用

代谢组是指某一生物或细胞在一特定生理时期内所有的低分子量代谢产物.植物代谢组学是指对植物抽提物中代谢组进行高通量、无偏差全面分析的技术.近年来,植物代谢组学研究取得了很大进展.本文介绍了其含义、历史沿革及研究方法,并用典型实例阐释了它的应用方向.     

植物脂质应答逆境胁迫生理功能的研究进展

脂质是生命有机体中一类重要的化合物,可以参与并调节多种生命活动,并且在植物应答非生物胁迫(盐胁迫、干旱胁迫和温度胁迫等)过程中发挥着重要生理功能。但长期以来,对于脂质的研究多集中于动物细胞和医学领域,却疏于关注植物研究领域。借助于"组"学思想和生物技术的快速发展,脂质组学由于可以深层次、全面地揭示脂质的组分与功能,近年来备受关注。基于此,文中通过对脂质的功能与分类、脂质组学技术进展、植物脂质响应干旱胁迫、盐胁迫和温度胁迫生理功能进展等的国内外现有研究进行了归纳与总结,并提出了不足与展望,为探索脂质在植物抗逆过程的生理功能和脂质组学等领域深入研究提供一定的基础。     

代谢组学研究进展及其应用

代谢组学是系统生物学的重要组成部分,其通过研究生物体代谢物的变化来认识生命体的生理与生化状态,从而找出其中隐藏的规律。对代谢组学的含义,研究任务进行介绍;综述代谢组学的产生和技术平台及其在植物、微生物、疾病诊断及毒物学等领域的应用,并对代谢组学的发展趋势以及面临的挑战等问题进行评述。     

果树代谢组学研究进展

果树代谢组学是继基因组学、蛋白质组学之后又一新兴的组学技术,主要是从代谢水平研究果树整体或局部代谢物变化差异,帮助发现新功能基因和了解代谢网络。目前果树代谢组学研究刚刚起步,相关研究相对较少,该文介绍了果树代谢组学的主要研究内容与方法以及在果树上的相关应用。     

基于电喷雾电离串联质谱技术的植物脂质组学研究进展

研究表明,脂质不但参与植物的信号转导、小泡运输、细胞骨架重组等多种细胞过程,而且在植物的生长发育和胁迫反应中具有重要作用．但是脂质本身的多样性、复杂性、以及分析手段的滞后限制了人们对脂质的深入认识．电喷雾电离串联质谱(ESI-MS/MS)技术作为一种直接进样的高通量分析技术,能够在短时间内对大多数脂质的不同分子种进行定量分析,极大地方便了人们了解植物因环境变化和生长发育引起的组织内脂质分子种的微量变化．近年来,该技术在植物上的成功应用,推动植物脂质组学研究取得了重要进展,揭示出脂质在植物的逆境胁迫反应、防御反应中的多种功能,促进了植物脂质代谢相关基因的鉴定．而且,该技术与其他脂质分析技术结合,促使人们在脂质的分布、运输、转化和新脂质种类的鉴定方面有新的进展．概要介绍了ESI-MS/MS技术的特点,重点综述了该技术在植物脂质组学研究中的应用进展,并展望了该技术今后的发展方向.     

Lipidomics in biomedical research-practical considerations

Lipids have many central physiological roles including as structural components of cell membranes, energy storage sources and intermediates in signaling pathways. Lipid-related disturbances are known to underlie many diseases and their co-morbidities. The emergence of lipidomics has empowered researchers to study lipid metabolism at the cellular as well as physiological levels at a greater depth than was previously possible. The key challenges ahead in the field of lipidomics in medical research lie in the development of experimental protocols and in silico techniques needed to study lipidomes at the systems level. Clinical questions where lipidomics may have an impact in healthcare settings also need to be identified, both from the health outcomes and health economics perspectives. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: BBALIP_Lipidomics Opinion Articles edited by Sepp Kohlwein.     

The emergence of yeast lipidomics

The emerging field of lipidomics, driven by technological advances in lipid analysis, provides greatly enhanced opportunities to characterize, on a quantitative or semi-quantitative level, the entire spectrum of lipids, or lipidome, in specific cell types. When combined with advances in other high throughput technologies in genomics and proteomics, lipidomics offers the opportunity to analyze the unique roles of specific lipids in complex cellular processes such as signaling and membrane trafficking. The yeast system offers many advantages for such studies, including the relative simplicity of its lipidome as compared to mammalian cells, the relatively high proportion of structural and regulatory genes of lipid metabolism which have been assigned and the excellent tools for molecular genetic analysis that yeast affords. The current state of application of lipidomic approaches in yeast and the advantages and disadvantages of yeast for such studies are discussed in this report.     

Solving the enigma: Mass spectrometry and small molecule probes to study sphingolipid function

Sphingolipids are highly bioactive lipids. Sphingolipid metabolism produces key membrane components (e.g. sphingomyelin) and a variety of signaling lipids with different biological functions (e.g. ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate). The coordinated activity of tens of different enzymes maintains proper levels and localization of these lipids with key roles in cellular processes. In this review, we highlight the signaling roles of sphingolipids in cell death and survival. We discuss recent findings on the role of specific sphingolipids during these processes, enabled by the use of lipidomics to study compositional and spatial regulation of these lipids and synthetic sphingolipid probes to study subcellular localization and interaction partners of sphingolipids to understand the function of these lipids.     

Diurnal Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Applications of Circadian Lipidomics

The circadian timing system plays a key role in orchestrating lipid metabolism. In concert with the solar cycle, the circadian system ensures that daily rhythms in lipid absorption, storage, and transport are temporally coordinated with rest-activity and feeding cycles. At the cellular level, genes involved in lipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation are rhythmically activated and repressed by core clock proteins in a tissue-specific manner. Consequently, loss of clock gene function or misalignment of circadian rhythms with feeding cycles （e.g., in shift work） results in impaired lipid homeostasis. Herein, we review recent progress in circadian rhythms research using lipidomics, i.e., large-scale profiling of lipid metabolites, to characterize circadian-regulated lipid pathways in mammals. In mice, novel regulatory circuits involved in fatty acid metabolism have been identified in adipose tissue, liver, and muscle. Extensive diversity in circadian regulation of plasma lipids has also been revealed in humans using lipidomics and other metabolomics approaches. In future studies, lipidomics platforms will be increasingly used to better understand the effects of genetic variation, shift work, food intake, and drugs on circadian-regulated lipid pathways and metabolic health.     

Cellular lipidomics

The cellular lipidome comprises over 1000 different lipids. Most lipids look similar having a polar head and hydrophobic tails. Still, cells recognize lipids with exquisite specificity. The functionality of lipids is determined by their local concentration, which varies between organelles, between the two leaflets of the lipid bilayer and even within the lateral plane of the membrane. To incorporate function, cellular lipidomics must not only determine which lipids are present but also the concentration of each lipid at each specific intracellular location in time and the lipid's interaction partners. Moreover, cellular lipidomics must include the enzymes of lipid metabolism and transport, their specificity, localization and regulation. Finally, it requires a thorough understanding of the physical properties of lipids and membranes, especially lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions. In the context of a cell, the complex relationships between metabolites can only be understood by viewing them as an integrated system. Cellular lipidomics provides a framework for understanding and manipulating the vital role of lipids, especially in membrane transport and sorting and in cell signaling.     

Integration of lipidomics and metabolomics for in-depth understanding of cellular mechanism and disease progression

Mass spectrometry(MS)-based omics technologies are now widely used to profile small molecules in multiple matrices to confer comprehensive snapshots of cellular metabolic phenotypes.The metabolomes of cells,tissues,and organisms comprise a variety of molecules including lipids,amino acids,sugars,organic acids,and so on.Metabolomics mainly focus on the hydrophilic classes,while lipidomics has emerged as an independent omics owing to the complexities of the organismal lipidomes.The potential roles of lipids and small metabolites in disease pathogenesis have been widely investigated in various human diseases,but system-level understanding is largely lacking,which could be partly attributed to the insufficiency in terms of metabolite coverage and quantitation accuracy in current analytical technologies.While scientists are continuously striving to develop high-coverage omics approaches,integration of metabolomics and lipidomics is becoming an emerging approach to mechanistic investigation.Integration of metabolome and lipidome offers a complete atlas of the metabolic landscape,enabling comprehensive network analysis to identify critical metabolic drivers in disease pathology,facilitating the study of interconnection between lipids and other metabolites in disease progression.In this review,we summarize omics-based findings on the roles of lipids and metabolites in the pathogenesis of selected major diseases threatening public health.We also discuss the advantages of integrating lipidomics and metabolomics for in-depth understanding of molecular mechanism in disease pathogenesis.     

The developmental lipidome of Haemonchus contortus

Lipids play crucial roles in the biology of organisms, particularly relating to cellular membranes, energy storage, and intra- or inter-cellular signalling. Despite the recent expansion of the lipidomics field, very little is known about the biology of lipids in metzoan pathogens, and, to date, there has been no global lipidomic study of a parasitic nematode. Using Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm) as a model, we describe the first known global lipidome for a parasitic nematode via high throughput LC–MS/MS-based lipidomics. We identified a total of 554 lipid species across four lipid categories, and 18 lipid classes exhibited alterations among six developmental stages (eggs; L3 and exsheathed L3 (xL3) and L4 larval stages; female and male adults) of H. contortus. The lipid composition and abundance of H. contortus changed significantly during the transition from free-living (egg, L3 and xL3) to parasitic (L4 and adult) stages. The three main changes observed were: (i) decreased synthesis of triradylglycerols; (ii) increased glycerophospholipids (predominantly glycerophosphoethanolamines and glycerophosphocholines); and (iii) a ‘cooperative’ modulation of ether-linked lipids and saturated fatty acids. These changes suggest specific adaptations, in terms of nutrient acquisition, metabolism and development, as the nematode makes its transition to the parasitic stage inside the host animal. This lipidomic data set serves as a stimulus for studies to understand lipid biology in parasitic worms, and their roles in parasite–host interactions and disease processes.     

Lipidomics: when apocrypha becomes canonical

Lipidomics is a branch of the field of metabolomics. Although only about a decade since its inception, lipidomics has already had a major influence on the way in which questions about lipid metabolism and signaling are posed. The field is intertwined in the culture and rich history of mass spectrometry. Early work emphasized analytical issues such as limits of detection and numbers of molecular species quantitated in single injections. Increased sophistication in applications of lipidomic analysis and emerging technologies, such as imaging mass spectrometry, are facilitating the study of lipid metabolism and signaling species in cellular functions and human diseases. In the coming years we anticipate a richer understanding of how specific lipid species mediate complex biological processes and interconnections between cellular pathways that were thought to be disparate.