Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Baeometra, Burchardia and Walleria

The pistils in Baeometra, Burchardia and Walleria ate tricarpellate, and their ovules are mostly bitegmic. Baeometra has free styles and deep septal invaginations between the carpels. Its pistil is innervated by three dorsal bundles, three compound septal bundles (each of which may divide into two simple septal bundles above), six placental bundles, and six adjoining auxiliary placental bundles. The pistil of Burchardia resembles that of Baeometra , except that there are six simple septal bundles throughout and no auxiliary placental bundles. In Walleria the wings of adjoining carpels are completely fused (except for rare septal glands); there is a single compound style; additional vascular tissue is present in the central axis of the pistil up to the lowermost ovules; the carpels are fused with the floral cup above the base of the locules; and raphide idioblasts are present. Walleria has six "ventral" bundles, each of which appears to be the fusion product of a placental bundle with a simple septal bundle. Tribal affinities of these genera are discussed.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Glorioseae

The pistils of the Glorioseae (Gloriosa, Littonia, Sandersonia) are generally tricarpellate and alike. Virtually all have closed sutures at flowering; they have many ovules, some of which are barely bitegmic, with inner integuments often nearly fused with nucellar remnants; and there is usually but one compound septal bundle in the inner edge of a septum. In two species of Littonia , the compound septal bundle divided to form two simple septal bundles; but in many other plants it remained undivided, and in some it died out, still undivided, below the locular apex. Most of the placental and septal bundles are vascularized in large part by three alternate (compound septal) bundles at the base of the locules and sometimes by branches from the lateral bundles. Three large (compound) placental bundles are formed just below the lowermost ovular insertion, and each then divides in two to furnish ovular branches along their ascent. Occasional auxiliary placental bundles lie between the septal bundle and the placental bundles in the septum (Gloriosa, Sandersonia).     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Colchiceae (Androcymbium)

The pistil of Androcymbium closely resembles that of Colchicum : it is tricarpellate usually, syncarpous and multiovulate, and the carpels of most species have open sutures and bitegmic ovules. The only species with closed carpellary sutures, A. dregei has monotegmic ovules. There are always three dorsal bundles and three compound septal bundles, which latter may bifurcate into simple septal bundles. Six placental bundles (two per carpel) are differentiated, either separately from the compound septal bundles or as lateral branches of them. A statistical evaluation of 47 species (6 genera) of the hemisyncarpous Wurmbaeoideae shows a significant tendency for bitegmic ovules and two simple septal bundles per septum to be associated with open sutures and for monotegmic ovules and no septal bundles to be associated with closed sutures.     

Floral vascular anatomy ofConvallaria majalis L. andC. keiskei miq. (liliaceae-convallariinae)

In comparing the floral vascular anatomy ofConvallaria majalis andC. keiskei a similar pattern of vasculature was shown. Both have pedicels with six (3 large +3 small) bundles which via radial division and fusion form the tepal, stamen and ovary traces. The outer tepal and outer stamen traces, the dorsals and placentals (i.e. ventral supply) arise from the larger three pedicel bundles, while the inner tepal and inner stamen traces and the septal axials arise from the smaller three. The dorsals, septal axials, and all of the stamen and tepal bundles are fusion products, while the placentals are free, though arising from compound bundles. The overy vasculature lacks both lateral peripherals and terminal cross-connections between the inner bundles and the outer dorsals. The placentation is only axile basally, since the three septa are freed at the mid-ovary level, and the resulting common, upper carpellary cavity is continuous with the hollow style. Normally four ovules are observed in each carpel, with the lower tier associated with the lower solid central axis, and the upper tier associated with the freed septa. The orientation of the ovules is varied (heterotropic). An internal system of stigmatoidal tissue is continuous from the base of each locule to the stigma, and involves micropylar associated obturators. Raphides characterize mature ovaries of both species, though both lack septal glands and septal grooves.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Neodregeae

The structure of the carpel has been studied in flowers of the Neodregeae ( Dipidax and Neodregea ). Except in D. triquetra , which is syncarpous, the carpels are united below and free above. A dorsal bundle, two or more lateral bundles, and two placental bundles supply each multiovulate carpel. The six placental bundles of the tricarpellate pistil are united by twos in the lower part of the pistil, forming three opposite compound placental bundles in most species of Dipidax and three alternate bundles in D. triquetra and Neodregea : In the latter, an additional septal bundle continues upward as a branch from the compound placental bundle. Sutural openings are usually short and restricted to the top of the locule. All the Neodregeae have monotegmic ovules.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Colchiceae (Colchicum)

The pistil of Colchicum is syncarpous, the carpels having open sutures or well-marked commissures and many bitegmic ovules of variable orientation. Although the vascularization of the carpel is also variable, there are usually three dorsal bundles and three alternate, septal bundles at the base of the pistil, with occasionally some placental bundles at that level. More often the placental bundles, differentiating basipetally, appear to establish connections with the septal bundles higher up, at the lowermost ovular insertion level. The septal bundles divide in two more frequently in pistils in which the carpellary suture is open than in those in which it is closed.     

Vascular floral anatomy of the east asianHeloniopsis orientalis (Thunb.) C. Tanaka (Liliaceae-Helonieae)

Observations on the vascular floral anatomy, carpel morphology and floral biology ofHeloniopsis orientalis are presented. The lower flowering pedicel has six large bundles which lack an enclosing sclerenchymatous sheath. At mid-pedicel, branch bundles originate via radial divisions from each of these bundles. Subsequently, there is a vascular ring of 12 bundles below the receptacle. The six smaller bundles which are derived from alternate pedicel bundles eventually establish all of the ventral gynoecium supply. The six larger bundles supply the tepals, stamens and dorsal gynoecial vasculature. The simple dorsals do not branch or fuse in their vertical ascent. The ventral and placental supplies are far more complex. Fusion occurs between paired sets of the six smaller pedicel bundles along the septal radii and results in a submarginal laminal ventral network. An independent ventral plexus is formed in each septum and from each plexus two septal axials, of which the innermost has a reversed xylem-phloem disposition, and four placental bundles are derived. Two placental bundles are associated with each septal axial. Basally the septa are fused centrally, but are freed at mid-gymoecial height. The broadly tri-lobed, tri-carpellate gynoecium is depressed terminally where the erect, hollow style with its capitate stigma is attached. Dorsal grooves are present: the fruit is loculicidally dehiscent. There are no septal glands due to complete lateral fusion of the septal wings. Basally each of the six equal tepals has a saccate nectary. The similarity in vascular anatomy and carpel morphology of the AsianHeloniopsis and eastern North American endemic,Helonias bullata, justifies their position in the same tribe. Research and publication supported in part by the M. Graham Netting Research Fund through a grant from the Cordelia Scaife May Charitable Trust, the U. S.—Japan Cooperative Science Program Grant GF-41367, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and Grant-in-Aid No. 934053 from the Ministry of Education, Japan.     

FLORAL ANATOMY IN THE SAXIFRAGACEAE SENSU LATO. II. SAXIFRAGOIDEAE AND ITEOIDEAE

The floral anatomy and morphology of 26 species from the Saxifragoideae and three from the Iteoideae are described and compared. The flowers of the Saxifragoideae are predominantly actinomorphic, partially epigynous and/or perigynous, and pentamerous, with two carpels which bear numerous ovules. There is usually some degree of independence between carpels, and the normally separate styles possess both a canal and transmitting tissue. Generally, staminodia are absent and nectariferous tissue, which is not vascularized, is present. The subfamily is characterized by large multicellular trichomes with globular, often glandular, heads. Placentation may be parietal, axile, or transitional between the two; parietal appears to be a derived condition in the subfamily. The vascular cylinder in the pedicel generally consists of several to many discrete bundles from which diverge ten compound traces at the base of the receptacle, leaving an inner cylinder of vascular strands that coalesce at a higher level into either as many ventral bundles as carpels or twice that number. In the former case, each ventral bundle consists of one-half of the vascular supply to each adjacent carpel and separates into individual ventral strands in the distal half of the ovary. The ventral bundles provide vascular traces to the ovules and, along with the dorsals, extend up the style to the stigma. Each trace diverging in a sepal plane typically supplies one or more carpel-wall bundles, a median sepal bundle, and a stamen bundle. Each petal-plane trace usually provides one or more carpel-wall bundles, a lateral trace to each adjacent sepal, a petal bundle and, in flowers with ten stamens, a stamen bundle. Dorsal carpel bundles are usually recognizable and may originate from traces in either perianth plane. While the position of Ribes remains problematical, its floral structure does not easily exclude it from the Saxifragoideae. Floral structure in the Iteoideae is remarkably similar to that in the Saxifragoideae, the main differences being a lesser degree of independence between carpels, generally narrower placentae with somewhat fewer ovules, and the presence of only unicellular, acutely pointed epidermal hairs as opposed to the relatively complex, multicellular trichomes prevalent in the Saxifragoideae.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Veratreae

The genera of the Veratreae, a tribe of the Melanthioideae, have many features in common: there are usually many ovules, except for Amianthium (with 2 4), arranged in 2 -4 longitudinal placental rows per carpel; all are bitegmic, basipetal, and campylotropous. Of 37 species examined, only 2 have open sutures at the lowermost level of ovular insertion, but 13 species have holes in the centre of the pistil. These holes may represent possible stages in the evolutionary closure of previously open sutures. Most flowers were epigynous, only 11 being hypogynous-perigynous. The tribe as a whole is marked by the presence of 3 composite (heterologous) vascular bundles, composed of joined staminal and tepallary bundles alone and 3 composite bundles, as above, fused to a dorsal bundle. The bundles were united below the locular base in all genera except Schoenocaulon and Toxicoscordion. Two major kinds of central cylinder arrangement occurred at the level of the lowermost ovular insertion: either 6 inverted ventral bundles or 6 simple septal bundles, with normally arranged (or sometimes inverted) xylem and phloem centrifugally located and 6 simple placental bundles, with inverted xylem and phloem, at the centripetal end of the septum. Generally each septal bundle united with its nearest adjoining placental bundle about the mid-locular level.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Helonieae

Most Helonieae have only slight septal indentations between the three carpels: in Xerophyllum deep septal clefts extend centripetally and completely enclosed, narrow septal pockets occur in Metanarthecium . Other unique generic features are found: tepallary-staminal nectarial glands in Heloniopsis , zygomorphy in Chionographis , and dioecism in Chamaelirium . The carpels are biovulate in Chionographis; there are two to several ovules per carpel in Xerophyllum; 8–12 ovules occur in the carpel of Chamaelirium; and numerous bitegmic ovules are borne in many longitudinal rows on enlarged placentae in Helonias, Heloniopsis, Metanarthecium , and Ypsilandra . Except for Metanarthecium , this last-named group of genera displays a near ring composed of 'accessory' placental bundles and a compound septal bundle (with normally oriented xylem and phloem) in cross-section at the inner edge of each septum. Ventral bundles occur in the other four genera.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Uvularieae

Three genera of the Uvularieae (Kreysigia, Schelhammera, Uvularia) have tricarpellate, syncarpous pistils. Ventral bundles (presumably the united simple septal and placental bundles of a carpellary wing) may be present in Kreysigia and Schelhammera. In Kreysigia the two presumptive ventral bundles from adjoining carpels are fused basipetally in each septum. The septal bundles of the other two genera are either simple (Schelhammera) or in part compound (united) below and simple (separate) above (Uvularia) , hence fused acropetally. In Uvularia , the dorsal bundle of the carpel and the median bundle of the tepal are uniquely tripartite and probably homologous. No raphides were found in the carpels of these genera.     

Xylem Development in the Gynoecium of the Apple (Malus pumila L.) Cv, Cox's Orange Pippin

Lignification of the xylem within the carpellary bundles ofapple flowers spreads acropetally from a point 900–1400µm below the base of the locules. At the same time, anotherwave of lignification spreads basipetally from a point justbelow the stigma. The acropetal spread at first progresses morequickly, but at later stages the number of lignified xylem elementsjust below the stigma increases rapidly, reaching a peak justas the flower opens. This increase is very localized and thenumber declines greatly within only 25% of the stylar distancebelow the stigma. Lignification of the xylem in the bundlesserving other flower parts precedes that serving the gynoecium,and spreads basipetally from a point above the base of the locules. Malus pumila L, anatomy, apple, carpel, Cox's Orange Pippin, development, flower, gynoecium, pedicel, pistil, stigma, style, vasculature, xylem     

红蕉花部维管束系统的解剖学研究

红蕉花单性、同株 ,雄花与雌花花梗部的维管束均可分为外环维管束、中环维管束及中央维管束区。雌花外环维管束逐渐外移 ,并分支、变小、数目增多 ,至子房室区中部时几乎贴近表皮 ;中环维管束与外环维管束形态基本相似、稍大 ,至延长部中上部时与外环维管束合成一轮 ,最后进入花被片 ,成为花被维管束系统 ;中央维管束区在花梗部时排列为六组 ,组间有一些小的维管束分布。在室下区 ,近轴面隔膜维管束组消失 ,至子房室区基部时 (室下区 )其它五组逐渐聚集成明显五束 ;而组间的小维管束向中央聚拢 ,于子房室区基部时排列成环形 ,接着进入子房室中轴成为胎座维管束 ,随后束形变小 ,且随子房室的变小而外移 ,经延长部最后进入花柱 ,与心皮背束内方的三枚分支一起成为花柱维管束系统。三束心皮背束延伸至延长部时均分裂为内、外两支 ,三枚外方的分支进入三枚外轮雄蕊。两束远轴面隔膜束进入两枚内轮雄蕊。雄花与雌花的维管束系统基本相似 ,差异主要在雄花无子房室区及中轴的胎座维管束消失。     

VASCULAR PATTERNS IN STEMS OF THE CYCLANTHACEAE

A survey was made of the distribution of stem vascular bundles in representatives of ten genera of the tropical monocotyledonous family Cyclanthaceae. Films of series of serial transverse sections were used to reconstruct the stem vasculature. Each leaf trace, followed in a basipetal direction from its level of insertion at the stem periphery, describes an obliquely downward course, initially contacting from 1 to 4 (or more) existing axial bundles. The associated bundles form a compound vascular bundle in which the original bundles initially remain discrete, most commonly in a tetrapolar arrangement, with four separate strands. Followed further in the basipetal direction, the strands eventually fuse partly or completely, usually to form a collateral or amphivasal axial bundle which participates in a new structural cycle. Quantitative variation between different taxa includes a simple pattern in Ludovia, in which only bipolar bundles are developed. More elaborate forms have multipolar bundles with more than four separate strands. A systematically useful observation is that stem vasculature in Cyclanthus, representing the subfamily Cyclanthoideae, does not differ significantly from that in subfamily Carludovicoideae although there are some distinctive structural features.     

Xylem Development in the Gynoecium of the Apple (Malm pumila L.) Cv. Cox's Orange Pippin K. A. D. *J. COSTA TURA{dagger}

Lignification of the xylem within the carpellary bundles ofapple flowers spreads acropetally from a point 900–1400µm below the base of the locules. At the same time, anotherwave of lignification spreads basipetally from a point justbelow the stigma. The acropetal spread at first progresses morequickly, but at later stages the number of lignified xylem elementsjust below the stigma increases rapidly, reaching a peak justas the flower opens. This increase is very localized and thenumber declines greatly within only 25 % of the stylar distancebelow the stigma. Lignification of the xylem in the bundlesserving other flower parts precedes that serving the gynoecium,and spreads basipetally from a point above the base of the locules Malus pumila, L., anatomy, apple, carpel, Cox's Orange Pippin, development, flower, gynoecium, pedicel, pistil, stigma, style, vasculature, xylem regenreation     

Tissue Differentiation of the Regeneration Rind in Jerusalem artichoke Stem

In trees, after removal of the bark, the vascular tissues of the newly-formed bark usually developed as a continuous layer. However, the stem of the herbaceous Jerusalem artichoke, after girdled, gives rise to regeneration of many irregularly arranged vascular bundles. Early July is the best time for girdling as the vascular bundles are well-developed, One week after girdling, some small groups of vascular tissues appeared in callus. Later on the vascular bundles eventually grew close together sooner or later, yet there were some wide pith rays which separated the various sized vascular bundles and exhibited irregularly contours. From these experiments, it is further evidenced that tile stem of herbaceous plants can also be girdled and regenerates a new rind. Furthermore, the girdled portion of this plant regenerates the vascular tissues which in a rather different way from all the plants that previously studied.     

鸭跖草花部维管束系统解剖学研究

鸭跖草花梗项部的维管束分布在中央的基本组织内。自花梗顶部至子永恒基部,维管束系统发生复杂的变化。6枚向外偏斜的维管束发生内外或左右分支,其中3枚维管束发生内外分支,其外侧的3个分支进入萼片成为萼片给管束系统,内侧3个分支进入3枚外轮雄蕊而成为外轮雄蕊维管束;另3枚维管束先发生内外分支,接着外侧3分支发生进一步的左右分支,各形成3－5个小分支,最后进入花瓣成为花瓣维管束系统,而内侧的分支则不再细分,最后伸入3枚内轮雄蕊,成为轮雄蕊维管束。另6枚近圆束形的维管束一直在中央向上延伸,进入子房屋区后,其中3格言 进入子房壁,成为3束心皮背束,最后3束心皮背束进入花柱成为花柱维管史,另3枚聚向中央,成为胎座维管束,胎座维管束至子房屋顶部时消失。文中对跖草及其有关类群的花部维管束系统的来源及演变进行了比较、讨论。     

Floral vasculature in Alpinia hainanensis in relation to the nature of the labellum in gingers

Observations presented here on floral vasculature in Alpinia hainanensis indicate that the labellum incorporates elements of five androecial members rather than two or three, as suggested by previous authors for Zngiberaceae flowers. The pedicel contains an outer ring and a central region of vascular bundles. Three carpellary dorsal bundles (CDs) and three alternatively arranged parietal bundles (PBs) separate from the central region successively. The remaining bundles of the central region run upwards and become the placental bundles to supply ovules. The placental bundles terminate between the top of the locular region and the base of the prolongation. The three PBs divides into about five strands respectively. Of which the outer strand enters into the petal being its midrib and the remaining strands move into the stamen adaxially being the vasculature of the functional stamen and the labellum abaxially being the lateral strands of the labellum. The three CDs divide into about five traces, of which the outer strand becomes the midrib of each sepal and the inner strand runs into the style. The remaining traces re‐unite, re‐divide again in the course up and the two adaxial sets of carpellary dorsals finally enter into the labellum being the marginal traces of it while the abaxial single strand enters into the labellum being its midrib. The two antero‐lateral glands receive small traces without lignified tube elements from the vascular plexus, which fonn in prolongation from both PBs and CDs and a few small strands in the ovary wall. There are no subulate appendages differentiated in the flower of Alpinia hainanensis. Hereby, the median of the sepals, both the marginal portions and the median of labellum, and the style have the same origin in vasculature from the CDs and so do the stamen, the lateral portions of labellum and the median of the petals from PBs. The labellum is supposed to represent three members of the outer androecial whorl by its two marginal portions and the median and two members of the inner whorl by its two lateral parts except the median.     

The structure and evolution of the female flower of the African Restionaceae

UNDER, H. P., 1992. The structure and evolution of the female flower of the African Restionaceae . The anatomical details of the gynoecium and perianth of the African Restionaceae are described. The same basic pattern of stylar and ovular vascular traces is found throughout the group. Variation in the number of fertile locules is the result of several reduction sequences. The most common sequence is the loss of the fertility of locules, followed by the loss of the infertile locules. These carpels are still represented by the stylar vascular traces. In different lineages, different locules become sterile. A second form of reduction is fusion of carpels. This occurred in only one lineage. The variation in the structure of the ovary walls is discussed, and three different types of ovary wall construction are demonstrated. The anatomical construction of the tepals is briefly mentioned, but it is apparent that the sample is too small for confident interpretation. Variation in ovary structure is shown to be largely consistent with the phylogeny and classification of the group. However, the relationship between Thamnochortus and Staberoha may need re-evaluation, and the status of Calopsis as a monophyletic group distinct from Restio is questioned.