长白落叶松、日本落叶松和兴安落叶松幼苗光合作用特性比较研究

研究长白落叶松(Larix olgensis Herry.),日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi Carr.) 和兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)当年生和一年生幼苗的光合作用日变化、季节变化和光响应曲线,结果表明：①三种植物中,长白落叶松、日本落叶松当年生和一年生幼苗和兴安落叶松当年生幼苗光合速率日变化都呈双峰曲线,具有明显的“午休”特征。兴安落叶松一年生幼苗的光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线。②日本落叶松的光饱和点 (LSP) 最高,兴安落叶松光补偿点（LCP）最低。③三种落叶松的一年生幼苗都是在生长中期表现出最大的光合能力。从年龄来看,落叶松当年生幼苗在生长初期和生长中期的光合能力要低于一年生幼苗,但在生长后期高于一年生幼苗。④从种来看,生长初期,当年生和一年生幼苗的最大净光合速率(P_max)均为日本落叶松＞兴安落叶松＞长白落叶松;生长中期,当年生幼苗的P_max规律与生长初期相似,一年生幼苗的P_max为长白落叶松＞日本落叶松＞兴安落叶松;生长后期,当年生幼苗的P_max为长白落叶松＞兴安落叶松＞日本落叶松,一年生幼苗的P_max与生长中期一年生幼苗的规律正好相反。通过分析我们得到结论：三个树种在生长季节相同阶段具有不同的光合特性;每个种不同年龄和生长季节不同阶段也表现出不同的光合特性;三个树种中,长白落叶松幼苗对光抑制引起的光合器官损伤的修复能力最强,日本落叶松次之,兴安落叶松最弱;日本落叶松幼苗较喜光,光合作用能力较强,不易发生光抑制,而兴安落叶松幼苗较耐阴。因此在育苗和造林时应考虑不同树种的光合特性调节最佳的光照条件。     

兴安落叶松胚性愈伤组织诱导影响因子的研究

以成熟和未成熟合子胚为外植体,研究影响兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii）胚性愈伤组织诱导的几种主要因子。结果表明兴安落叶松合子胚带胚乳培养有利于胚性愈伤组织的诱导;内蒙沙地种源成熟合子胚的诱导率显著（p<0.05）高于加格达奇山地种源;冷藏处理可以提高成熟合子胚胚性愈伤组织的诱导率;不同发育时期的未成熟合子胚的诱导率存在显著差别（p<0.05）,其中以子叶初期合子胚（7月5日）诱导率最高;2,4-D对胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响较大,且与BA、KT存在一定的协同作用;S培养基比DCR和MS培养基更有利于胚性愈伤组织的诱导;培养基中琼脂含量为4 g·L^-1时,诱导率较高。     

大兴安岭兴安落叶松径向生长对气候响应的时空变化

根据兴安落叶松在大兴安岭山脉的分布特征,沿纬度设置了9个采样点,分析了兴安落叶松径向生长对气候因子响应的空间差异和时间动态。结果表明:总体上所有采样点的兴安落叶松径向生长与夏季(6—8月)标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)及降水量、2月SPEI及降水量呈正相关,与3月温度呈负相关。在空间上,南部年均温较高区域的兴安落叶松径向生长与2月SPEI呈显著正相关,在北部年均温较低的区域与3月温度呈显著负相关。在时间上,兴安落叶松生长-气候关系不稳定。随着温度升高,在年均温较高区域,夏季SPEI和降水量对树木生长的正效应以及夏季温度的负响应显著增强;在年均温较低区域,树木生长与3月温度负响应增强更明显。这表明气候变化改变了树木生长-气候关系,而且存在明显空间差异。在未来气候暖干化的背景下,大兴安岭兴安落叶松径向生长会受到抑制,在年均温较高且降水量较少的南部地区会因夏季水分亏缺和冬季干旱而衰退,温度较低的北部地区则可能因冬季干旱和冬季变暖而使生长受到抑制。     

外源NO对增补UV-B辐射下兴安落叶松幼苗叶片光合色素和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

在增强UV-B辐射下,以3年生兴安落叶松幼苗为实验材料,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(Sodium nitroprusside,SNP)对幼苗的光合色素（Chla、Chlb和Car）和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。方差分析结果表明0.5 mmol·L^-1的SNP对增补UV B胁迫下的兴安落叶松幼苗产生显著影响。0.5 mmol·L^-1的SNP能够显著抑制增补UV-B辐射后光合色素、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、F_v′/F_m′和qP的明显下降以及Chla /Chlb、F_o和NPQ的升高。表明了外源NO能够减轻UV-B辐射胁迫下兴安落叶松幼苗光合反应中心的生理损伤,从而增强兴安落叶松幼苗对增补UV-B辐射胁迫环境的适应能力。     

3种C3木本植物绿色组织C4酶活性、色素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的比较

对3种C₃木本植物丁香（Syringa meyeri）、杨树（Populus alba）、落叶松（Larix gmelinii）叶片和树枝绿色组织相关指标分析发现：3种植物叶片Chl.a+b含量均显著高于树枝,但是树枝较叶片Chl.a/b比值差异不明显（丁香、落叶松）（p>0.05）或显著高（杨树）(p<0.05)。单位叶绿素内各酶活性显示,丁香树枝PEPC、PEPCK、PPDK、NADP-ME、NADP-MDH酶活性分别是叶片的2.4、4.1、3.2、4.5和1.9倍;杨树树枝分别是叶片的2.1、15、6.3、6.3和2.8;落叶松树枝分别是叶片的6.8、6.3、4.3、4和5.5倍,而单位鲜重内各酶活性显示出的树枝与叶片的差异均小于单位叶绿素的相应结果。种间比较发现,杨树叶片和树枝5种酶活性均显著高于丁香和落叶松。树枝绿色组织内C₄酶活性普遍高于相应叶片的事实说明,木质化绿色组织内可能存在C₄酶相关的生化过程。丁香与落叶松树枝的电子传递速率、PSⅡ效率大于叶片,杨树叶片的相应值大于树枝,相关分析表明,这种高的C₄酶活性并没有显著影响叶绿素荧光参数（p>0.05）,显示出树枝绿色组织和C₃植物叶片内C₄酶对光合影响的复杂性。     

天津地区归一化植被指数时间动态及其与气候因子的关系

利用1982—2003年8 km×8 km的NASA/GIMMS半月合成的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和气候数据,研究了天津年平均及逐月NDVI变化趋势以及降水和气温对其影响。结果表明：1982—2003年,年平均NDVI呈现波动性的微弱降低趋势;生长季中,不同月份的年际变化存在明显差异;春季和秋季NDVI呈增加趋势,其中10月达到显著性水平（P<0.05）,而夏季NDVI是降低的,6月下降达到极显著水平（P<0.01）;逐月NDVI与同期月平均气温及月降水量的回归分析表明,NDVI与温度和降水均有很好的非线性正相关关系（P<0.001）,证实温度和降水对NDVI的影响有很强的季节性;降水和气温对生长季不同月份的植被NDVI影响明显不同,同时呈现一定的滞后性。     

人工种植长春花生物学性状和生物碱含量的季节动态

以人工种植的长春花（Catharanthus roseus（L.）G. Don）为材料,研究了一个生长季节内长春花的生物学性状和生物碱含量的季节动态。研究发现,长春花的株高、生物量和叶片数呈现相似的生长趋势,即前期（5~7月）缓慢增长、中期（7~9月）快速增长和后期（9~10月）增长缓慢3个明显的季节生长特征,而花总数在前期和中期也呈现相似的规律,但在后期（9~10月）快速下降。长春花叶片中3 种生物碱含量的季节变化规律明显,变化趋势相一致。3 种生物碱的含量在一个生长季节内均是先增加后降低再增加的趋势,且3 种生物碱含量均在7月下旬和10月下旬出现2个明显的高峰值。长春花叶片中长春碱含量与长春质碱和文多灵含量之间均有较强的正相关,且与文多灵含量呈显著的正相关（p<0.05）,长春花叶片中长春质碱含量与文多灵含量之间呈显著的正相关（p<0.05）。因此,生产实践中人工种植长春花的最佳采收期是10月末,并可通过改变环境因子进一步诱导长春花叶片中长春碱类物质的积累。     

污水诱导大蒜细胞微核及异常有丝分裂的研究

研究污染的河水对大蒜根尖细胞微核的诱导及细胞分裂的效应。结果表明,较重污染（PI=7.63）的河水对大蒜根尖染毒24 h以上,致使其有丝分裂指数下降明显（p<0.05）,诱发间期细胞微核显著（p<0.01）,导致有丝分裂异常和前微核的产生。     

水分条件对白桦天然林生长影响的研究

针对全球变暖导致的降水格局变化,选择生长于不同水分条件（湿生立地和中生立地）的中龄天然白桦林为研究对象,研究其生长状况并分析其生长过程。结果表明,水分条件对白桦天然林的密度和平均胸径具有显著影响（p=0.043 3和0.007 9）,中生立地条件下白桦天然林的密度低于湿生立地（降低46.8%）,而平均胸径则前者高于后者（增加52.4%）。中生立地白桦天然林的胸径分布为正态分布（p=0.823 9）,而湿生立地白桦胸径分布呈明显的左偏（p=0.000 8）。水分条件能影响实生天然白桦胸径、树高生长过程,而对材积生长过程影响不大。湿生立地白桦的胸径速生期持续时间长于中生立地,前者速生期在6~15 a,后者在9~12 a,中生立地白桦胸径的数量成熟龄晚于湿生立地1~2 a;湿生和中生立地白桦高生长的速生期均在6 a,中生立地白桦树高的数量成熟龄晚于湿生立地3~6 a;湿生和中生立地白桦材积的速生期均在24 a以后,湿生和中生立地白桦材积的数量成熟龄均为24 a以后。     

基于BP人工神经网络的兴安落叶松天然林全林分生长模型的研究

以大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松天然林为研究对象,基于688块固定标准地数据,采用MATLAB中log-sigmoid型函数(logsig)和线性函数(purelin)为神经元的作用函数,依据全林分生长模型的概念,以年龄（A）、地位级指数（SCI）和林分密度指数（SDI）作为输入变量,以林分每公顷蓄积量（M）作为输出变量,构建和训练了全林分生长的BP人工神经网络模型,并与常规建模方法进行了对比研究。结果表明,BP人工神经网络模型的拟合精度高达99.6%,检验精度为98.9%,说明与其它建模方法相比人工神经网络建模具有较高的拟合精度和适应性,对林分生长具有更好的预测能力。     

Increased Summer Temperatures Reduce the Growth and Regeneration of Larix sibirica in Southern Boreal Forests of Eastern Kazakhstan

The larch forests at the southern limit of the Siberian boreal forest in Central Asia have repeatedly experienced strong recent growth declines attributed to decreasing summer precipitation in the course of climate warming. Here, we present evidence from the southernmost Larix sibirica forests in eastern Kazakhstan that these declines are primarily caused by a decrease in effective moisture due to increasing summer temperatures, despite constant annual, and summer precipitation. Tree-ring chronologies (>800 trees) showed a reduction by 50–80% in mean ring width and an increase in the frequency of missing rings since the 1970s. Climate-response analysis revealed a stronger (negative) effect of summer temperature (in particular of the previous year’s June and July temperature) on radial growth than summer precipitation (positive effect). It is assumed that a rise in the atmospheric vapor pressure deficit, which typically increases with temperature, is negatively affecting tree water status and radial growth, either directly or indirectly through reduced soil moisture. Larch rejuvenation ceased in the 1950s, which is partly explained by increasing topsoil desiccation in a warmer climate and a high drought susceptibility of larch germination, as was demonstrated by a germination experiment with variable soil moisture levels. The lack of regeneration and the reduced annual stem increment suggest that sustainable forest management aiming at timber harvesting is no longer feasible in these southern boreal forests. Progressive climate warming is likely to cause a future northward shift of the southern limit of the boreal forest.     

1954—2005年中国北方针叶林分布区的气候变化特征

基于中国北方针叶林(兴安落叶松林)分布区8个气象观测站的气象资料,分析了1954—2005年气温和降水的变化特征.结果表明：研究期间,中国北方针叶林分布区的气温以0.38 ℃·(10 a)^-1的速度上升,远大于全球近50年来0.13 ℃·(10 a)^-1的平均增温速率.尽管夏、秋季的气温呈上升趋势,但不显著;而冬、春季的增温显著(P<0.01);最高年平均气温(0.37 ℃·(10 a)^-1)与最低年平均气温(0.54 ℃·(10 a)^-1)均呈极显著的增加趋势(P<0.01).降水量年际间波动较大,但没有明显的变化趋势;各季节降水量也没有明显的变化规律,其中春、秋、冬季的降水日数有增加趋势,但没有达到显著水平,而夏季的降水日数呈显著减少趋势(P<0.05);各季降水强度均呈增加趋势,其中夏季(P<0.05)和冬季(P<0.01)的变化达到了显著水平.     

吉林省落叶松林净初级生产力时空特征及其对气候变化的响应

为评估吉林省落叶松林的生产力现状并为我国森林生态系统生产力和植被监测研究提供基础数据,以吉林省落叶松林为研究对象,基于吉林省及其周边100 km范围内41个气象站点资料,采用LPJ-DGVM模型模拟了2000—2019年吉林省落叶松林近20年的净初级生产力,并采用线性回归趋势分析、变异系数、Hurst指数和相关性分析法对其时空变化、稳定性及其与气候因子的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明：(1)2000—2019年吉林省落叶松林年均净初级生产力(NPP)为592 g C m^-2 a^-1,年均增长率为2.81%,随时间推移呈现波动增长的趋势(β=14.55,R~2=0.784,P<0.01)。(2)NPP变异系数为0.07—2.33,均值为0.48,除幼龄林外,整体波动较小。Hurst指数介于0.441—0.849之间,均值为0.612,未来吉林省落叶松林NPP呈增加趋势。(3)吉林省落叶松林NPP存在明显的空间异质性,北部和南部区域NPP较高,是近20年NPP增长较快的区域。(4)2000—2019年吉林省落叶松林年均NPP与年总降水、生长季...     

中国东北落叶松属3种植物潜在分布对气候变化的敏感性分析

该文在东北地区多年平均的年均温、年降水分布图,海拔高程图、坡度图、坡向图和植被图的基础上,使用地理信息系统和Logistic回归模型的结合,预测3种落叶松(Larix sp.)的“气候-地形”潜在分布区。预测精度用敏感性、指定度和总正确率进行评价,3个树种的敏感性为61%~88%,指定度为80%~99.8%,总正确率为80%~99.8%。年均温、年降水和海拔是控制3种落叶松分布的主要环境因子。采用5种气温变化方案(+1 ℃、+2 ℃、+3 ℃、+4 ℃和+5 ℃)和6种降水变化方案(-30%、-20%、-10%、+10%、+20%和+30%),预测气候变化对各个树种潜在分布的影响,探索不同的树种对气候因子的敏感性。结果表明,气温每上升1 ℃,兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)将减少12%;长白落叶松(Larix olgensis var. changpaiensis)将增加23%;华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprecntii)将增加500%。降水每增加10%,兴安落叶松将减少12.5%;长白落叶松将增加64%;华北落叶松将减少15%;随气候的“暖干化"(+5 ℃,-30%),兴安落叶松将向西北方退缩100 km左右;长白落叶松向西北方扩展100 km左右;华北落叶松将向东北方扩展800 km左右。随气候的“暖湿化"(+5 ℃,+30%),兴安落叶松将向西北退缩400 km左右;长白落叶松将向西北方扩展550 km;华北落叶松将向东北方扩展320 km左右。     

Climate effects on inter- and intra-annual larch stemwood anomalies in the Mongolian forest-steppe

Climate response of tree-ring width and intra-annual wood anomalies were studied in stands of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) on Mt. Bogd Uul in the forest-steppe ecotone of Mongolia. Climate on Mt. Bogd Uul is characterized by an increase of the annual mean temperature by 1.5 K between 1965 and 2007, the lack of a long-term trend for annual precipitation and, with it, an increase in aridity. Tree-ring width increases with increasing June precipitation of the current year (June) and increasing late summer precipitation of the previous year. In >100-year old trees, also a negative correlation of tree-ring width with the July temperature of the year prior to tree-ring formation was found. Decreasing tree-ring width with increasing snowfall in December can be explained with the protection of the frost-sensitive eggs of gypsy moth by snow cover, which is a major herbivore of larch in Mongolia and causes reduction in the annual stem increment. The most significant change in wood anatomy was the decline of wide latewood, which is attributable to the increase of summer days with a mean temperature > 15 °C and drought periods in summer without precipitation. Increasing summer drought is also thought to have caused the repeated occurrence of missing rings since the 1960s, which were not observed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.     

区域气温和降水对关帝山不同海拔华北落叶松径向生长的耦合效应

为揭示区域气温和降水在不同海拔对山地林区林木径向生长的耦合效应,在关帝山林区孝文林场和庞泉沟国家自然保护区外围4个不同海拔选取立地条件相似的华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.)人工林设置调查样地,采集典型样木样芯,采用建立年表的方法,获取年轮宽度指数,结合区域气温和降水进行相关性分析和单年分析。结果表明:在研究地区4个海拔上华北落叶松的径向生长均与区域气温和降水量有密切关系,但不同海拔响应机制不同;在1600 m海拔处,年轮宽度指数与当年4月气温极显著负相关,与当年9月降水量显著正相关;在1800 m海拔处,年轮宽度指数与上年6月气温显著负相关,降水量显著正相关;在2000 m海拔处,年轮宽度指数与当年9月气温和当年3月降水量显著负相关;在海拔2200 m处,年轮宽度指数与上年8月气温显著正相关,降水量显著负相关;随着海拔的升高,气温逐渐降低,降水量增加,两者对华北落叶松径向生长的耦合效应也发生变化,当海拔到达2000 m时,生长季降水量的增加使耦合效应关系发生转换。     

Recent climate hiatus revealed dual control by temperature and drought on the stem growth of Mediterranean Quercus ilex

A better understanding of stem growth phenology and its climate drivers would improve projections of the impact of climate change on forest productivity. Under a Mediterranean climate, tree growth is primarily limited by soil water availability during summer, but cold temperatures in winter also prevent tree growth in evergreen forests. In the widespread Mediterranean evergreen tree species Quercus ilex, the duration of stem growth has been shown to predict annual stem increment, and to be limited by winter temperatures on the one hand, and by the summer drought onset on the other hand. We tested how these climatic controls of Q. ilex growth varied with recent climate change by correlating a 40‐year tree ring record and a 30‐year annual diameter inventory against winter temperature, spring precipitation, and simulated growth duration. Our results showed that growth duration was the best predictor of annual tree growth. We predicted that recent climate changes have resulted in earlier growth onset (?10 days) due to winter warming and earlier growth cessation (?26 days) due to earlier drought onset. These climatic trends partly offset one another, as we observed no significant trend of change in tree growth between 1968 and 2008. A moving‐window correlation analysis revealed that in the past, Q. ilex growth was only correlated with water availability, but that since the 2000s, growth suddenly became correlated with winter temperature in addition to spring drought. This change in the climate–growth correlations matches the start of the recent atmospheric warming pause also known as the ‘climate hiatus’. The duration of growth of Q. ilex is thus shortened because winter warming has stopped compensating for increasing drought in the last decade. Decoupled trends in precipitation and temperature, a neglected aspect of climate change, might reduce forest productivity through phenological constraints and have more consequences than climate warming alone.     

Do centennial tree-ring and stable isotope trends of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. indicate increasing water shortage in the Siberian north?

Tree-ring width of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr., ratios of stable isotopes of C (δ¹³C) and O (δ¹⁸O) of whole wood and cellulose chronologies were obtained for the northern part of central Siberia (Tura, Russia) for the period 1864–2006. A strong decrease in the isotope ratios of O and C (after atmospheric δ¹³C corrections) and tree-ring width was observed for the period 1967–2005, while weather station data show a decrease in July precipitation, along with increasing July air temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Temperature at the end of May and the whole month of June mainly determines tree radial growth and marks the beginning of the vegetation period in this region. A positive correlation between tree-ring width and July precipitation was found for the calibration period 1929–2005. Positive significant correlations between C isotope chronologies and temperatures of June and July were found for whole wood and cellulose and negative relationships with July precipitation. These relationships are strengthened when the likely physiological response of trees to increased CO₂ is taken into account (by applying a recently developed δ¹³C correction). For the O isotope ratios, positive relationships with annual temperature, VPD of July and a negative correlation with annual precipitation were observed. The δ¹⁸O in tree rings may reflect annual rather than summer temperatures, due to the late melting of the winter snow and its contribution to the tree water supply in summer. We observed a clear change in the isotope and climate trends after the 1960s, resulting in a drastic change in the relationship between C and O isotope ratios from a negative to a positive correlation. According to isotope fractionation models, this indicates reduced stomatal conductance at a relatively constant photosynthetic rate, as a response of trees to water deficit for the last half century in this permafrost region.     

Growth dynamics in a changing environment — long-term observations

Natural influences as well as human activities have changed forest environments. As a result, growth conditions have changed with time. The annual and periodic growth of needles, shoots, tree rings and volume growth vary considerably over time. The variation in ring width and volume increment of Norway spruce correlates with precipitation and air temperature. High air temperature and low precipitation during the vegetation period reduce growth rate and increase tree mortality even in some areas where average precipitation is high and average air temperature is relatively low.     

Comparative Studies on Woods of Three Species of Normal and Dwarf Trees

Wood structure of three species i.e. Larix chinensis Beissn., Alnus sibirica Fisch. and Quercus mongolica Fisch. of normal and dwarf trees were comparatively studied. The age variation of width of annual rings and size of tracheary elements in these trees follows their own regularities respectively during the course of ontogenesis. In normal, as trees grow, the width of annual rings increases gradually, reaches maximum, then declines in subsequence; while the size of tracheary elements exhibits a crescendo increment, and remains constant after reaching maximum. These trends were not affected by the change of enviromental conditions in which the trees grow. However, the width of annual rings and size of tracheary elements of dwarf trees which grow in adverse circumstances are respectively narrower and smaller than those of normal trees. Further, in dwarf tree of L. chinensis (coniferous wood); the diameter of bordered pits on tracheids of early wood decreases, ray height is lower and ray frequence is higher. In dwarf tree of A. sibirica (diffuse porous wood), vessel frequence increases and the number of bars per perforation decreases. The quatitative features of wood structure of dwarf trees, as compared with those of normal trees, showed more variations; whereas, their own qualitative features of wood structure remain constant. These findings might indicate that modifications of wood structure responsing directly to change of enviromental conditions are usually only qualitative.