Gene frequency of five genetic characteristics in six nationalities in Southern Guizhou Province,China

Five characteristics (hair forms,nasal profile,nostril forms,mongoloid fold and upper eyelid fold) were respectively investigated in six nationalities,including the Buyi,Miao,Shui,Maonan,Dong,and Han nationalities in Southern Guizhou,China.The gene frequencies of five characteristics in the six nationalities were estimated and compared.The results indicated that:(1) for hair forms and nasal profile,the frequency of the dominant gene was lower than that of their recessive gene,but the opposite was true for nostril forms.(2) Among different nationalities,the difference of gene frequency of the mongoloid fold,nasal profile,hair forms and upper eyelid fold was quite significant,which was followed by that of nostril forms.     

Morphological traits in peoples of Mongolian nationality of the Hulunbuir league,Inner Mongolia,China

A sample of 947 Mongolians of Bargud, Elute and Buriat was investigated on 9 indexes (hair form, forehead hair-ledge point, eyefold of the upper eyelid, Mongoloid fold, ear lobe type, nasal profile, nostril type, front teeth type, and chin projection) in the Hulunbuir league, Inner Mongolia in September 1997. The results are as follows: 1. Most of the Mongolians in Hulunbuir league are characterised by straight hair, forehead hair-ledge point absence, eyefold eyelid, Mongoloid fold appearance, shovel-shaped front teeth, straight nose, wide nostril, free ear lobe, non-projecting chin. 2. The frequencies of the forehead hair-ledge point appearance, shovel-shaped front teeth appearance and projecting chin showed significant differences between the three groups. 3. The incidence of ear lobe type, nasal profile and front teeth type showed obvious sexual differences. 4. Correlations did not occur between most of the nine traits.     

贵州南部6个民族5对遗传性状的基因频率

对贵州南部地区布依族、苗族、水族、侗族、毛南族和汉族5对遗传性状的基因频率进行了研究,并对民族间基因频率差异进行显著性检验。结果显示：（1）发型和鼻梁侧面观的显性基因频率均明显低于隐性基因频率,而鼻孔形状则相反。（2）内眦褶、鼻梁侧面观、发型和上眼睑皱褶的基因频率在民族间差异较大,而鼻孔形状则较小。     

中国克木人的体质特征

本文调查了我国克木人285例(男为141例,女为144例)的体质特征,计算出9项观察项目的出现率,58项测量项目的均数和标准差、31项指数值和分型情况,并与我国31个群体的体质特征进行了比较,得出我国克木人的体质特征为:蒙古褶出现率低,男为31.21%,女为32.64%;上眼睑皱褶出现率高,男为90.33%,女为93.75%;鼻根高度中等型出现率最高,男为65.96%,女为47.22%;鼻翼高度多为中等;耳垂多为三角型;上唇皮肤部高度多为中等型;发色多为黑色;眼色多为褐色;肤色多为黄色;圆头型、高头型、阔头型、狭鼻型、中躯干型、中胸型出现率最高;男性狭面型、亚长腿型、宽肩型、中骨盆型出现率最高;女性的阔面型、中腿型、中肩型、宽骨盆型出现率最高;男性身高均数为160.2cm,女身高均数为151.5cm,属亚中等身材;克木人男性与女性均具有生活在我国南方的人群的体质特征。     

布依族体质特征研究

本文调查了布依族成年人494例(男为259例,女为235例)的体质特征,计算出58项测量项目的均值和标准差、31项指数值和9项观察项目的出现率,并与国内一些群体的体质特征进行了比较,得出布依族的体质特征为:上眼睑皱褶出现率高,男为95 .4%,女为97. 0%。蒙古褶出现率低,男为30. 5%,女为35. 3%。鼻根男多为中等型,女多为低型。鼻翼高度多为中等。多为圆形耳垂。发色多为黑色,眼色多为褐色。男性多为黄色肤色,女性多为浅黄色肤色。圆头型、高头型、阔头型、阔面型、中鼻型、中躯干型、中腿型、中胸型、宽肩型、宽骨盆型出现率最高。男身高均值为158. 6cm,女身高均值为149. 4cm。     

仫佬族体质特征研究

本文调查了仫佬族成年人465例(男为232例,女为233例)的体质特征,计算出58项测量项目的均数和标准差、31项指数值和9项观察项目的出现率,并与国内的29群体的体质进行了比较,得出仫佬族的体质特征。仫佬族的体质特征为:上眼睑皱褶出现率较高,男为90.1%,女为91.4%。蒙古褶出现率,男为53.9%,女为53.2%。鼻根高度男低型率与中等型率接近、女多为低型。鼻翼高度多为中等。男以方型耳垂多见,女以圆型耳垂多见。发色多为黑色,眼色多为黑褐色。男性多为黄色肤色,女性多为浅黄色肤色。仫佬族男女均为中头型、高头型、狭头型、中鼻型、中腿型、中肩型、中骨盆型。男为狭面型、长躯干型、窄胸型。女为中面型、中躯干型、中胸型。男身高均数为1629.8mm,女身高均数为1514.3mm。仫佬族具有南方人群体质特征,其体质与阿昌、畲、回(海南)、黎族接近。     

Physical characteristics of Chinese Hakka

Using standard and internationally validated methods,86 anthropologic characteristics were determined in 650 male(305 from urban areas and 345 from rural areas) and 704 female(331 from urban areas,373 from rural areas) Chinese Hakka adults living in Guangdong and Jiangxi.The data were used to calculate 24 anthropologic indices,which were analyzed statistically.The physical characteristics of Hakka subjects were analyzed and compared with reference ethnic data.There were four main findings of this study.First,a small proportion of Hakka adults had an eye fold on the upper eyelid,but a large proportion had a mongoloid fold.The eye slits were narrow in most adults,had a medium nasal root height and straight bridges,and most of the external angles were prominent.The nasal base was upturned in most men.The distributions of the three types of nasal base in women were similar.The proportions of subjects with middle and high alae nasi heights were high and similar.Males with a maximum nostril diameter were mostly classified as transverse and oblique,while many women were classified as transverse and had relatively wide alae nasi.The round lobe type was the most common.Upper lip skin height was mostly classified as medium.Lips were classified as thin.The hair was black,eyes were brown,and the skin was yellowish.Second,the head length was long in male Hakka.The minimum frontal breadth,face breadth,lip height,and interocular breadth were similar to those of North-Asian populations.Meanwhile,head breadth,morphological facial height,nose breadth,mouth breadth,and nose height were similar to those of South-Asian populations.Head length was long in female Hakka.The minimum frontal breadth,face breadth,lip height,and interocular breadth were similar to those of North-Asian populations.Head breadth,nose breadth,and mouth breadth were similar to those of South-Asian populations.Third,the stature of male and female Hakka in urban and rural areas was classified as medium.The proportions of male and female Hakka classified as mesocephaly(length-breadth index of the head),hypsicephalic type,metriocephalic type(breadth-height index of the head) mesorrhiny,long trunk,subbrachyskelic type,broad shoulder breadth,and narrow distance between iliac crests were higher than those of other types.Finally,principal component analyses showed that the physical characteristics of Hakka were between those of South-Asian and North-Asian ethnic populations,but were generally closer to those of North-Asian populations in China.     

中国僜人体质特征

在西藏察隅县调查了144例(男为60例, 女为84例)僜人成人的67项体质指标, 计算了31项体质指数, 统计了指数分型情况, 对僜人的体质进行了初步分析。结果显示: (1)僜人上眼睑皱褶率、蒙古褶率极低,鼻翼高度多为中等型, 鼻根高度男多为中等型, 女多为低型, 耳垂、上唇皮肤部高度多为中等型。(2)在藏缅语族中, 僜人头面部的很多指标值小或偏小, 只有头宽值较大。僜人男女均以高头型、狭头型、中面型率最高。此外, 男性还以中头型(头长宽指数)、中鼻型率最高, 女性还以圆头型、狭鼻型率最高。(3)僜人男女均以长躯干型、中骨盆型率最高。此外, 男性以中腿型、中胸型、宽肩型率最高, 女性以亚短腿型、宽胸型、中肩型率最高。僜人男女身材均以矮型率最高, 僜人体部测量指标值均很小。(4)僜人体质特征与独龙族最为接近, 属于蒙古人种南亚类型的体质特征。     

中国巴尔虎人的体质特征

在内蒙古呼伦贝尔市新巴尔虎左旗测量了巴尔虎人(男196例,女204例)的体质数据,与中国和国外族群体质资料进行了比较,得出了巴尔虎人的体质特征,初步探讨了巴尔虎人在人种学上的分型地位,分析了巴尔虎人体质形成的原因。结果表明:1)巴尔虎人多有上眼睑皱褶,有蒙古褶率为40%,鼻根高度中等、鼻翼高度中等,鼻背较低。直鼻背,颧部突出,红唇薄,发黑,肤黄,眼褐,下颏明显前凸。巴尔虎人具有蒙古人种的基本特征。2)巴尔虎人体部特征最明显的是体重大,其胸围、腹围、臀围、大腿围值在目前已经报道的中国族群中最大,其皮下脂肪层厚,BMI远远超过中国当代汉族乡村人。3)巴尔虎人男性与女性均为短头型、高头型、阔头型、中面型、中鼻型、宽胸型、中肩型、中骨盆型、中腿型、矮胖型。男性为长躯干型,女性为中躯干型。4)主成分分析结果显示,在蒙古族族群中巴尔虎人身材中等,体重大、头较长且较宽,口裂较窄,鼻高值小,鼻较宽,唇较薄。巴尔虎人与布里亚特人、图瓦人体质特征极为接近。5)巴尔虎人人种特征属于蒙古人种北亚类型贝加尔分支类型与中亚分支类型之间的中间类型,在其体质特征中还包含欧罗巴人种的成分。6)巴尔虎人由突厥语族族群逐渐成为蒙古语族族群,遗传因素是其体质特征形成的主要原因,生活环境、饮食成分对其体质特征形成也有重要作用。     

俄罗斯族体质特征分析

本文报道了内蒙古地区336名俄罗斯族成年人(男186,女150)的体质特征,包括9项形态观察项目,58项测量项目,38项指数及其分型,并与国内外一些群体的体质特征进行了比较。俄罗斯族的主要特征是:绝大多数人具上眼睑褶皱,约1/3的人有蒙古褶。头圆、高、阔,鼻根高,鼻翼中等,鼻狭长,黑发与浅黄肤色较多,眼色的性别差异明显。男性平均身高167.7cm,女性平均身高155.9cm。宽胸型、宽肩型、宽骨盆型、中躯干型、中腿型出现率较高,指距长,体型多属矮胖型,女性更明显。俄罗斯族体质特征与乌孜别克族较接近,其体格健壮程度相对接近俄罗斯北部地区人群。     

佤族的体质特征

调查了442例(男258例,女184例)佤族人的67项(观察项目9项,测量项目58项)体质人类学指标,计算了31项体质指数值,统计了部分指数的分型情况。研究结果显示:佤族人内眦褶率低(16.1%),上眼睑皱褶率高(96.8%),鼻根高度、鼻翼高度与上唇皮肤部高度均为中等型,耳垂多为圆型(58.1%),发色多为黑色,眼色多为褐色,肤色多为黄色。身高均数男为160.4cm,女为150.7cm,男女均为亚中等身材。体重均数男为54.9kg女为49.1kg。按指数分型标准,男女均以圆头型、高头型、阔头型、狭面型、狭鼻型、长躯干型、中腿型、中胸型出现率最高。此外,男性以宽肩型、中骨盆型出现率最高;女性的中肩型、窄骨盆型出现率最高。对包括佤族在内的我国32个人群(南、北方各16个人群)13项体质指标值主成分分析,结果显示佤族人身材矮小、纤瘦,面部及五官高度值较大,头长值较小,头面部及五官宽度值较大。佤族人具有蒙古人种南亚类型的体质特征。本文对佤族人体质特征形成的原因进行了初步分析。     

云南蒙古族体质特征

在云南省通海县调查了439例(男为202例, 女为237例)蒙古族人的67项体质指标(9项观察指标和58项测量指标), 计算出32项体质指数, 并对身高和11项指数进行了分型统计。研究结果表明: (1)云南蒙古族有蒙古褶率较低,有上眼睑皱褶率较低。鼻根高度男的中型率最高, 女的低型率最高。鼻翼高度男女均以中型率最高, 上唇皮肤部高度男女多为中等; 耳垂男女以三角形率最高。发色多为黑色, 眼色多为褐色, 肤色多为黄色。(2)云南蒙古族身高男女均为亚中等身材, 男性的亚中等型率最高, 女性的矮型率最高。按分型比例来看, 云南蒙古族男女均为中头型(头长宽指数)、高头型、超狭面型、中胸型、中肩型、中腿型、窄骨盆型、中躯干型率最高。头宽高指数男性为中头型率最高, 女性为阔头型率最高。(3)在7个蒙古族族群中, 蒙古族头长值、鼻高值最大, 鼻宽、口裂宽、形态面高值最大,头宽、额最小宽、面宽、身高、体重值最小。(4)在14个云南族群中, 云南蒙古族形态面高、鼻高、体重值大, 身高值较大,鼻宽、口裂宽值较小。(5)云南蒙古族体质与阿昌、白族、彝族最为接近。(6)云南蒙古族总体上属于蒙古人种南亚类型体质, 是南亚类型中体质相对接近于北亚类型的一个族群。(7)云南蒙古族体质形成与其族源及与周边族群的基因交流有关。     

甘肃裕固族体质特征初步研究

本文调查了甘肃省裕固族成年人409人(男210人,女199人)的体质特征。其中活体测量51项,活体观察8项。结果表明:裕固族既具有黄种人的特征,也有本民族的特点,例如头部较圆较高;面部较长偏狭;鼻子高;鼻梁直,属狭鼻型;身材普遍较高,体质较好。这些特征与华北地区的汉族和达斡尔族,羌族及锡伯族的特征比较接近,而与苗族、黎族较远。     

内蒙古5个民族12对性状的基因频率

报道了内蒙古地区鄂温克、鄂伦春、达斡尔、蒙古族和汉族12对遗传性状的基因频率,并进行民族间基因频率的比较。结果显示：内眦褶性状的民族间差异较大,叠舌性状次之,利手和鼻梁侧面观性状的民族间差异较小。 Abstract:The gene frequency of 12 characters was reported in Ewenki,Oroqen,Daur,Mongol and Han nationalities in Inner Mongolia,and compared among these nationalities.The result indicated that the difference of Mongoloid fold among nationalities was significant,followed by the Folding tongue,while the difference of Handedness and Nasal profile was relatively insignificant.     

乌孜别克族体质特征研究

调查了乌孜别克族成年人194例(男106例,女88例)的体质特征,计算出58项测量项目的均值和标准差、31项指数值和6项观察项目的出现率,总结出乌孜别克族的体质特征,并与国内一些群体的体质进行了比较。乌孜别克族的体质特征为：上眼睑皱褶出现率男为99．06％,女为100％。蒙古褶出现率男为82．08％,女为72．73％。鼻根高,鼻翼中等,多为圆形耳垂。特圆头型、高头型、阔面型、狭鼻型、长躯干型、中腿型、宽胸型、窄肩型出现率较高。男阔头型率,女中头型率,男宽骨盆型率,女中骨盆型率较高。男身高1685mm,女身高1555mm。     

湖南瓦乡人体质特征研究

本文对308例(男156例,女152例)世居在湖南省沅陵县的瓦乡人进行了70项体质人类学指标(观察项目25项,测量项目45项)的调查, 并计算了21项体质指数, 对部分指数进行了分型统计。结果表明: 湖南瓦乡人毛发浓密, 黑而平直; 上睑皱褶出现率较高, 眼裂开度中等, 上斜型眼裂; 少蒙古褶; 鼻根较高, 鼻梁男多直形、女多凹形, 鼻基上翘, 鼻翼高度中等; 口裂宽度中度, 上唇皮肤部多正唇, 红唇较厚; 耳壳多椭圆或卵圆形, 耳垂形状多圆形。体质特征表现为身材矮短, 体型中间型; 窄肩型; 中腿型; 超狭面型; 圆头型、高头型、中头型; 中鼻型。与我国南方其他27个少数民族群体的头面部及身高10项测量值进行聚类分析, 结果显示湖南瓦乡人体质特征与云南独龙族及拉祜族最接近, 与广西傈僳族、广西侗族及湘西土家族次之。湖南瓦乡人属于蒙古人种的南亚类型, 具有现代黄种人的容貌特征。     

基诺族体质特征及35年来体质的变化

对云南西双版纳傣族自治州景洪县基诺山基诺乡的基诺族进行体质调查,测量了600例（男279人,女321人）成人人体测量学指标,与35年前在同一地区测量的基诺族体质数据进行了比较,初步分析了35年来基诺族体质变化的原因,研究表明,基诺族身材较矮,颧部不突出,上眼睑多有皱褶,接近40%成年人具有蒙古褶,眼裂高度多为中等,眼外角 多高于眼内角,鼻根高度多为中等,多为直鼻背,多直发。基诺族男性、女性均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、阔面型、中鼻型,中躯干型、中腿型、宽胸型、宽肩型、中骨盆型。这些表明基诺族具有南亚类型体质特征。35年来,基诺族男女的头长、头宽、面宽、下颌角宽、容貌面高、身高、坐高、胸围、肩宽、体重等指标值较1980年指标有所增长。基诺族体质的变化与当地生产力的发展,饮食结构的改善、体力劳动的强度变化都有一定的关系。     

Hysteresis of the nasal pressure-flow relationship during hyperpnea in normal subjects

Hysteresisof the nasal airway pressure-flow relationship (PFR) is seen duringhyperpnea, with lower nasal resistance during increasing inspiratoryflow than during decreasing flow. We hypothesized that the nasal PFRhysteresis arose in the nasal vestibule airway because of progressivecollapse during the inspiration. We measured the inspiratory transnasaland transvestibular PFR for one nasal passage in five normal subjectsbreathing via a nasal mask during voluntary hyperventilation, both withvoluntary nostril flaring and without flaring. The inspiratoryhysteresis (IH) was quantified as the ratio of the areas under thedescending and ascending pressure-flow curves. Flaring reduced thevestibular IH from 1.96 ± 0.06 to 1.15 ± 0.06 and the nasal IHfrom 2.05 ± 0.13 to 1.28 ± 0.06 (both P < 0.01). Our results demonstratethat hysteresis arises in the compliant vestibule segment of the nasalairway, likely because of progressive collapse of the nasal vestibuleduring inspiration. The findings suggest that hysteresis is preventedby voluntary nostril flaring maintained throughoutinspiration.

     

海南文昌汉族体质特征

在海南文昌市调查了城市汉族315例(男为150例, 女为165例)和乡村汉族407例(男为216例, 女为191例)成人的73项体质指标, 计算了25项体质指数, 统计了指数分型情况, 与我国族群资料进行了比较, 对海南文昌汉族体质特征进行了初步分析。结果显示: 1)文昌汉族有上眼睑皱褶, 蒙古褶欠发达,眼裂窄且多呈眼外角高, 鼻根高度中等, 直鼻梁, 鼻基部上翘, 鼻翼高度中等, 鼻孔最大径斜位, 鼻翼宽, 耳垂多为圆形、三角形, 上唇皮肤部高度中等, 红唇较厚, 发色黑, 肤色、眼色较深。2)文昌汉族男女性均为特圆头型、高头型、中头型、中鼻型。男性还为中面型, 女性还为狭面型。3)文昌汉族男女性均为长躯干型、中胸型、中肩型、中骨盆型, 男性还为中腿型, 女性还为亚短腿型。文昌汉族城市、乡村的男性与女性身高均属于中等身材。4)文昌汉族头面部特征更接近于我国蒙古人种北亚类型族群。从体部指标来看。文昌汉族介于北亚类型族群与南亚类型族群之间, 更接近于北亚类型族群。     

中国图瓦人体质特征

在新疆阿勒泰地区调查了图瓦人159例(男55, 女104)的67项体质指标(9项观察指标和58项测量指标), 计算出26项体质指数, 并对身高和11项指数进行了分型统计。研究结果表明: 1)图瓦人有上眼睑皱褶率为71.70%, 有内眦褶率为47.80%, 有耳垂率为55.97%, 肤色多为浅色, 发色黑色, 眼色褐色。鼻根多数中等或低, 男女均以中鼻型居多。鼻翼发育中等, 红唇发育中等偏薄, 男性耳垂三角形的最多, 方形次之, 女性以三角形和圆形为主。2)图瓦人男女身高均数分别为166.7cm和152.6cm, 体重均数分别为71.25kg和58.93kg。按指数分型标准, 中国图瓦人特圆头型率、高头型率、中鼻型率、宽胸型率、窄骨盆型率、中腿型率、长躯干型率、矮胖型率最高。男性还以阔头型率、中面型率、宽肩型率最高。女性还以阔面型率最高。3)图瓦人体质特征具蒙古人种北亚类型体质特点, 与柯尔克孜族、塔塔尔族、布里亚特人体质接近。