基于线粒体16S rRNA基因探讨鹿科动物系统发生关系

鹿类动物的系统演化关系一直存在争议,特别是獐亚科的设立与否.通过测定獐的线粒体16S rRNA基因,并从GenBank获得鹿类另外14种动物的线粒体16S rRNA基因全序列,以水牛和绵羊作双外群,构建系统进化树,探讨鹿类动物系统发生关系及獐亚科的有效性.结果分析表明:(1)支持鹿科分为鹿亚科、麂亚科、獐亚科和美洲鹿亚科,麝科成立;(2)獐亚科有效,支持獐与原属美洲鹿亚科狍共同组成獐亚科;(3)毛冠鹿的分类地位还有待进一步确定.     

陕西蓝田柄杯鹿(Lagomeryx)的发现及其意义

一新柄杯鹿的发现1964年四月,古脊椎动物与古人类研究所蓝田调查队,从该县泄湖公社高坡村采得了一个保存相当完好的柄杯鹿化石。由于这一发现具有生物上和地层上的特别意义,特在本文加以描述。柄杯鹿科 Lagomerycidae Pilgrim,1941柄杯鹿属 Lagomeryx Roger,1904复角柄杯鹿,新种 Lagomeryx complicidens sp.nov.正型标本一近于完整之右“角”,野外号:64004。本所化石编号为 V.2780。层位与地点上中新统。陕西蓝田泄湖人民公社高坡村附近。特征角柄长而直,切面为椭圆形。接近眼孔处无基部。角顶掌状部由四个基本部     

鹿科动物线粒体控制区序列分析与系统进化

通过测定鹿科麂亚科中的小麂、赤麂和黑麂的线粒体全基因组,从而定位它们的控制区,并从GenBank获得鹿科另外3个亚科9种动物的线粒体控制区全序列。利用MEGA软件计算了各物种控制区序列的碱基组成、遗传距离和遗传相似度,通过比较序列同源性,以羊线粒体控制区序列为外群,构建NJ分子系统树,探讨了鹿科4个亚科12种动物的系统进化关系。序列分析表明,鹿科12种动物控制区序列的碱基长度在909～1049bp之间,A T含量约占62．06％,其中363个核苷酸位点存在变异(约占34％)。系统进化关系结果表明：(1)以线粒体控制区构建的鹿科12种动物分子系统树基本与NCBI分类一致;(2)美洲鹿亚科驼鹿属驼鹿在鹿科这12种动物中处于最为原始的地位;(3)小麂比赤麂和黑麂更为原始;(4)獐亚科獐属的獐与美洲鹿亚科狍鹿属的狍鹿和美洲狍鹿聚为一支。     

鹿科动物基因组学研究进展

鹿科动物是世界上最丰富的大型哺乳动物之一,在极北地区、热带地区和高海拔地区都有分布。中国占世界鹿科动物40%以上,是鹿科动物进化的主战场。鹿科动物除了具有反刍动物常见的独特表型特征外,更是进化出周期性再生新器官——鹿茸角。鹿科动物是研究生态学、行为学和进化生物学非常有价值的动物模型,特别是在研究哺乳动物器官再生方面具有重要科学价值。鹿基因组是系统阐述鹿的进化和演变,解析鹿科动物独特生物学性状的依据,对遗传资源保护和利用具有重要意义。目前,随着鹿科动物参考基因组的不断完善,在鹿基础科学研究上取得了诸多重要成果。本文详细综述了鹿科动物基因组学研究进展,主要包括鹿遗传变异数据、适应性进化分子基础、独特性状鹿茸角的起源进化关键基因和功能基因组学,以期为鹿科动物的深入研究奠定理论基础。     

一种鹿科动物标本的分子鉴定

中国是世界上鹿科动物资源最丰富的国家之一,共有18种,分属獐亚科、麂亚科、鹿亚科和美洲鹿亚科,占全球鹿种的41.7％(盛和林等,1992).在皖南分布的鹿科动物有梅花鹿华南亚种(Cervus nippon pseudaxis)、黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)、黄麂(Muntiacus reevesi)和毛冠鹿(Elaphadus cephalophus)(王岐山,1990).2001年11月从泾县获得一具标本(图1-A,标本现保存于安徽师范大学标本馆),体形及大小似梅花鹿,身体背部毛棕褐色,无明显白斑,尾背面黑色、腹面纯白,但鹿角主干表面光滑,无眉叉及其它分叉.鹿角是鹿科动物所特有的结构,是区别于其它有蹄类的标志之一.     

《中国鹿类动物》评价

华东师范大学生物系盛和林教授等著的《中国鹿类动物》已于1992年四季度由华东师范大学出版社出版发行,这是我国兽类学科技工作者又一大的成果。中国是鹿类的进化中心之一,全国产鹿科动物20种,占全世界鹿类动物的41％余。由于鹿类动物在药用、食用、皮毛和装饰上的经济价值,以及学术上的重要意义,近30多年来     

走进鹿的世界

说起鹿,人们想到的或许就是灵巧的梅花鹿,其实全世界现存有40多种鹿,包括约39种鹿科动物,约5种麝科动物还有约3种鼷鹿科动物。与其他长角的动物相比,鹿最显著的特点是它的角每年脱落、重生,而非大家以为的分叉,因为有些鹿的角是终身不分叉的。     

河南许昌灵井遗址的晚更新世鹿科化石新种类

记述了在近几年从河南省许昌市灵井旧石器遗址出土的1个鹿科化石新亚种: 灵井山西轴鹿新亚种(Axis shansius lingjingensis sub sp.nov.)和1个属、种未定的潜在新种。前者角冠的主枝呈琴弓状, 并有一定程度的螺旋状, 目前是轴鹿属在晚更新世的唯一代表;后者的角冠在角环上方同一位置向不同的方向伸出3个分枝, 与鹿亚科其他成员的角冠在角环上方只有主枝和眉枝(或第一枝)的情况完全不同,而介于晚中新世的皇冠鹿(Stephanocemas)和中、晚更新世的大角鹿(Megaloceros)之间。     

广西百色盆地的异鼷鹿类化石

本文描述1973、1974年冬采自百色盆地的原始异鼷鹿类化石。异鼷鹿被认为是非洲和东南亚现生鼷鹿类的祖先,并与现代的反刍类有密切关系。Indomeryx和Notomeryx在我国的首次发现,为我国原始小型反刍类的研究和地层的区域对比,提供了新的内容和一定的依据。     

山东临朐中中新世柄杯鹿头骨的发现

一、柄杯鹿头骨的发现 1965年春,山东省临朐县解家河硅藻土矿的工人同志们,在开采时发现了一批保存完好的动、植物化石。矿区党政领导及工人群众,十分重视这一发现,及时将情况反映给北京自然博物馆和有关部门。同年四月间,笔者之一赴现场采集了一批化石。本文所描述的栖杯鹿头骨即其中之一件。柄杯鹿类化石过去发现报导的多为鹿角和零星牙齿及其它部分。因此,有关这类动物的形态特征、亲缘关系以及分类系统位置等问题至今悬而未决。此次所发现的完整新材料,有助于对诸问题的进一步的了解,故予以记述。     

Origination of antlerogenesis

Antlers are unique appendages. They are shed and rebuilt at intervals, and are synapomorphic for all living Cervidae (except for the Chinese water deer, Hydropotes inermis , in which they have presumably been lost). The antlerogenic process is controlled by a complex interaction of fluctuating levels of several hormones, most importantly testosterone. The oldest antler remains are recorded from the early Miocene; these have been interpreted as non‐deciduous appendages because of supposed permanent skin coverage and the lack of a burr (a well‐developed osseous protuberance around the base of the antler, which is always present in extant cervids). The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that antler shedding was possible in these early Miocene cervids. Antlers of all extant and eight Miocene cervid genera, including burr‐less antler fragments of the earliest cervids Procervulus , Ligeromeryx , and Lagomeryx were studied. An extensive comparative morphological analysis of external features of the antler, and of the abscission area and the base of the antler in particular, was undertaken. The results indicate that a regular, porous, and rugose abscission surface at the proximal end of the antler indicates antler shedding in both living and fossil cervids. The antler shedding mechanism must therefore have already been present in all early/mid Miocene cervid genera included in this study. On this basis, it is suggested that the presence of a burr is not prerequisite in order to shed antlers, that the presence of perpetual antlers has not yet been verified, and that the process of shedding and regeneration developed with the first appearance of these organs. This insight is particularly important for the systematic classification of early Miocene species as Cervidae, because the absence of the antler shedding and rebuilding mechanism would exclude them from the taxon Cervidae and from any relationship with extant cervids. J. Morphol. 278:182–202, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals,Inc.     

山东山旺Palaeomeryx化石的初步研究

Palaeomeryx 在含义、性质和分类位置上,一直是一个争论较多的属.最近在山旺发现的 Palaeomeryx 完整骨架,为解决上述问题提供了有价值的资料和证据. Palaeomeryx 雄性具有一对眶上"皮骨角"和单一的"枕顶角".根据共近裔性状的分析,本文作者认为 Palaeomeryx 应该归入长颈鹿,作为这一支中最早分出的一个旁支.长颈鹿和鹿科有较近的亲缘关系,而和牛科的关系较远. Palaeomeryx 大概位于 Blastomeryx 和 Leptomeryx 之间,从反刍类主干中分出.山旺的材料,代表本属中一个较原始的新种: Palaeomeryx tricornis. 它的时代,可能相当于欧洲的 MN4 或 MN5.     

准噶尔盆地北缘中中新世偶蹄类

本文记述了新疆准噶尔盆地北缘哈拉玛盖组中的偶蹄类七属七种(包括一个新种Eot-ragus halamagaiensis sp.nov.),奇蹄类三属三种。其中始羚在在国内尚属首次报道。该化石集群与内蒙东部的通古尔动物群比较两者成分相接近,但其中一些分子具有更原始的特征。显然哈拉玛盖组比通古尔组的沉积时期早,但仍属中中新世通古尔期。     

New phylogenetic perspectives on the Cervidae (Artiodactyla) are provided by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.

The entire mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene was compared for 11 species of the artiodactyl family Cervidae, representing all living subfamilies, i.e., the antlered Cervinae (Cervus elaphus, C. nippon, Dama dama), Muntiacinae (Muntiacus reevesi), and Odocoileinae (Odocoileus hemionus, Mazama sp., Capreolus capreolus, C. pygargus, Rangifer tarandus, Alces alces); and the antlerless Hydropotinae (Hydropotes inermis). Phylogenetic analyses using Tragulidae, Antilocapridae, Giraffidae and Bovidae as outgroups provide evidence for three multifurcating principal clades within the monophyletic family Cervidae. First, Cervinae and Muntiacus are joined in a moderately-to-strongly supported clade of Eurasian species. Second, Old World Odocoileinae (Capreolus and Hydropotes) associate with the Holarctic Alces. Third, New World Odocoileinae (Mazama and Odocoileus) cluster with the Holarctic Rangifer. The combination of mitochondrial cyt b and nuclear k-casein sequences increases the robustness of these three clades. The Odocoileini + Rangiferini clade is unambiguously supported by a unique derived cranial feature, the expansion of the vomer which divides the choana. Contrasting with current taxonomy, Hydropotes is not the sister group of all the antlered deers, but it is nested within the Odocoileinae. Therefore, Hydropotes lost the antlers secondarily. Thus, the mitochondrial cyt b phylogeny splits Cervidae according to plesiometacarpal (Cervinae + Muntiacinae) versus telemetacarpal (Odocoileinae + Hydropotinae) conditions, and suggests paraphyly of antlered deer.     

Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography

The family Cervidae includes 40 species of deer distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, as well as in South America and Southeast Asia. Here, we examine the phylogeny of this family by analyzing two mitochondrial protein-coding genes and two nuclear introns for 25 species of deer representing most of the taxonomic diversity of the family. Our results provide strong support for intergeneric relationships. To reconcile taxonomy and phylogeny, we propose a new classification where the family Cervidae is divided in two subfamilies and five tribes. The subfamily Cervinae is composed of two tribes: the tribe Cervini groups the genera Cervus, Axis, Dama, and Rucervus, with the Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) included in the genus Cervus, and the swamp deer (Cervus duvauceli) placed in the genus Rucervus; the tribe Muntiacini contains Muntiacus and Elaphodus. The subfamily Capreolinae consists of the tribes Capreolini (Capreolus and Hydropotes), Alceini (Alces), and Odocoileini (Rangifer + American genera). Deer endemic to the New World fall in two biogeographic lineages: the first one groups Odocoileus and Mazama americana and is distributed in North, Central, and South America, whereas the second one is composed of South American species only and includes Mazama gouazoubira. This implies that the genus Mazama is not a valid taxon. Molecular dating suggests that the family originated and radiated in central Asia during the Late Miocene, and that Odocoileini dispersed to North America during the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, and underwent an adaptive radiation in South America after their Pliocene dispersal across the Isthmus of Panama. Our phylogenetic inferences show that the evolution of secondary sexual characters (antlers, tusk-like upper canines, and body size) has been strongly influenced by changes in habitat and behaviour.     

The petrosal bone and bony labyrinth of early to middle Miocene European deer (Mammalia,Cervidae) reveal their phylogeny

Deer (Cervidae) have a long evolutionary history dating back to the Early Miocene, around 19 million years ago. The best known fossils to document this history belong to European taxa, which all bear cranial appendages more or less similar to today's deer antlers. Despite the good fossil record, relationships of the earliest stem deer and earliest crown deer are much debated. This hampers precise calibration against the independent evidence of the fossil record in molecular clock analyses. While much has been written on the Early and Middle Miocene deer, only two phylogenetic analyses have been performed on these taxa to date mostly based on cranial appendage characters. Because the petrosal bone and bony labyrinth have been shown to be relevant for phylogeny in ruminants, we describe for the first time these elements for four iconic early cervids from Europe (Procervulus dichotomus, Heteroprox larteti, Dicrocerus elegans and Euprox furcatus) and include them in a phylogenetic analysis based on the ear region exclusively. The analysis recovered E. furcatus in a sister position to the living red deer (Cervus elaphus). Further, it placed D. elegans in a sister position to Euprox + Cervus and a clade Procervulinae that includes P. dichotomus and H. larteti, in sister position to all other deer. The inclusion of E. furcatus in crown Cervidae, which was previously suggested based on antler morphology, cannot be ruled out here but needs a more comprehensive comparison to other crown deer to be confirmed. J. Morphol. 277:1329–1338, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Les Lagomerycidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) de FranceThe French Lagomerycidae (Cervoidea, Artiodactyla, Mammalia)

The Lagomerycidae, a small family of the Cervoidea, is known in France by the genera Lagomeryx, Ligeromeryx and Stephanocemas. Lagomeryx contains three species, the other two genera one species only. This family is known from MN3 to MN5.     

Finds of Ruminants and New Data on the Stratigraphy of the Late Miocene Locality of Fortep’yanka 2 (Northwest Caucasus,Adygea Republic)

Paleontological Journal - New finds of fossil remains of ruminants of genera Euprox Stehlin, 1928 (Dicrocerini, Muntiacinae, Cervidae) and Protragocerus Depéret, 1887 (Boselaphini, Bovinae,...     

Phylogenetic relationships among deer in China derived from mitochondrial DNA cytochromeb sequences

The phylogenetic relationships of Cervidae and Moschidae were examined using partial sequence data of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochromeb. Ten new sequences were obtained for six species of Cervidae and Moschidae, and aligned with those previously reported for other deer species. Our results demonstrated that the phylogenetic status of the taxa inferred from molecular data was congruent with taxonomy based on morphological studies. Cervidae formed a monophyletic group that consists of four subfamilies: Cervinae, Muntiacinae, Hydropotinae, and Odocoileinae. Moschidae occurred at the base of the Cervidae clade. On the basis of molecular clocks for genetic distance, the divergence time of mtDNA haplotypes within the subfamily Cervinae, among subfamilies in Cervidae, and between Moschidae and Cervidae was estimated to date 2–7 MYA, 6–10 MYA and 8–13 MYA, respectively.     

记山西榆社晚新生代鹿科化石两新种

本文记述了山西榆社盆地晚新生代鹿科化石中的两个新种:Eucladoceros proboulei sp.nov.和Procapreolus jinensis sp.nov.,并列出了已鉴定完毕的所有产于榆社盆地晚新生代地层的鹿类动物化石单.