镉对一株深色有隔内生真菌生长、矿质营养与草酸分泌的影响

【背景】深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophyte,DSE)广泛定殖于镉(Cd)污染生境的植物根系,具有增强植物镉耐性的重要生态功能,但人们关于DSE对镉胁迫的生理响应的了解有限。【目的】研究一株DSE嗜鱼外瓶霉(Exophiala pisciphila)对镉胁迫的矿质营养与低分子量有机酸分泌的响应。【方法】采用液体培养法,研究不同浓度(0、25、50、100、200、400 mg/L)镉胁迫对DSE菌丝生长、矿质元素(氮、磷、钾、硫、镁、铁、钙)与镉含量、草酸分泌的影响。【结果】随着镉胁迫浓度增加,菌丝生物量显著下降,降幅为22.8%−90.6%,菌丝的氮、钾和铁含量分别减少26.0%−52.8%、53.8%−92.9%和12.8%−34.3%,而磷、镁和钙含量分别增加15.4%−111.4%、20.4%−31.4%和35.1%−62.5%,硫含量在100 mg/L镉胁迫时增加25.1%。镉胁迫还导致培养液pH值下降,草酸浓度及单位菌丝草酸分泌量显著增加。相关分析发现,菌丝镉含量与硫呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与菌丝钾含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与草酸分泌量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。【结论】镉胁迫显著抑制DSE的生长,改变矿质元素的吸收,促进草酸分泌。     

不同碳源对1株深色有隔内生真菌生长和菌丝镉含量的影响

以1株高耐镉(Cd)深色有隔内生真菌(Dark Septate Endophyte,DSE)——嗜鱼外瓶霉(Exophiala pinsciphila)为供试材料,葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖和甘露醇为碳源,Cd(0,25 mg/L)胁迫下开展液体培养,研究不同碳源对DSE生长和菌丝Cd含量的影响。结果表明:无Cd胁迫下,以碳源为葡萄糖时,DSE菌丝生物量、培养液pH值和孢子数最大。Cd胁迫下,DSE菌丝生物量、培养液pH值和孢子数下降,且菌丝生物量与培养液pH值极显著正相关,与Cd含量呈极显著负相关。碳源为葡萄糖时,菌丝Cd含量最低,生物量降幅最小,培养液pH值下降最大。由此可见,供试碳源中,葡萄糖是该DSE菌株嗜鱼外瓶霉的最适宜碳源。     

镉胁迫对大蒜苗生理特性的影响及施钙的缓解效应

通过营养液水培方式,研究了镉(Cd²⁺)对大蒜苗生长、光合特性、叶片酶活性及主要矿质元素吸收的影响及增施不同浓度钙(Ca²⁺)对镉胁迫大蒜苗的缓解效应. 结果表明：与正常生长的大蒜苗相比,施镉能明显降低大蒜苗的形态指标(株高、假茎粗、假茎长及鲜质量),减少叶片的色素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(E)及气孔导度(g_s),减弱叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性并增加丙二醛(MDA)含量,减少根中矿质元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)含量并增加Cd含量. 增施钙能显著促进镉胁迫大蒜苗的生长,随所增施钙浓度的提高,大蒜苗的形态指标均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在其浓度为2或3 mmol·L^-1时达到峰值;同时,增施钙也可有效提高镉胁迫大蒜叶片的色素含量及光合参数(P_n、E、g_s),其变化趋势与形态指标类似,均在所增施钙浓度为2或3 mmol·L^-1时最高;另外,增施钙能增强镉胁迫大蒜叶片的抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性并降低MDA含量,还可增加根中矿质元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)含量并减少Cd含量,且施钙浓度为2或3 mmol·L^-1时效果最好.
     

Ca~(2+)和K~+对拟南芥幼苗镉毒害的缓解作用

该文探讨了外源钙(Ca)或钾(K)处理对不同程度的镉(Cd)胁迫(0–80μmol·L–1)下拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)幼苗的生长和生理特性的影响。综合Ca和K对不同浓度Cd胁迫下拟南芥幼苗生长、根长以及生物量的影响情况,表明各浓度Cd胁迫下外源Ca2+的最适缓解浓度均为10 mmol·L–1;而K+的最适缓解浓度在低浓度(20和40μmol·L–1)和高浓度(60和80μmol·L–1)Cd胁迫下分别为10 mmol·L–1和20 mmol·L–1。在低浓度Cd胁迫下,添加适宜浓度的Ca2+或K+后幼苗可溶性蛋白和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性相比未添加Ca和K的对照组无显著变化,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性和总酚、类黄酮、花色素苷,酸溶性硫醇化合物、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、植物螯合肽(PCs)的含量均下降;高浓度Cd处理下,添加适宜浓度的Ca2+或K+后幼苗的SOD活性升高,POD活性降低,可溶性蛋白、MDA、总酚、类黄酮、花色素苷、酸溶性硫醇化合物、GSH以及PCs的含量也均低于对照组。在各浓度Cd胁迫下,添加外源Ca或K均使拟南芥幼苗根部细胞DNA损伤减弱,表现为TT嘧啶二聚体的累积量显著减少(P0.05)。以上结果表明,在Cd胁迫(尤其是高浓度Cd胁迫)下,外源Ca或K通过调节酚类、金属螯合物质的代谢水平以及提高拟南芥的抗氧化能力来缓解Cd对拟南芥幼苗的毒害效应,缓解细胞DNA损伤。该研究结果不仅能够为深入探讨Ca和K对缓解重金属毒害的分子机理提供实验依据,而且为Ca和K应用于重金属污染的防治提供参考。     

NaCl胁迫对唐古特白刺愈伤组织的生理效应

以唐古特白刺(Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.)愈伤组织为材料,研究低(75 mmol/L)、中(150 mmol/L)、高(300 mmol/L)浓度NaCl处理下其膜脂过氧化、抗氧化酶活性及渗透性调节物含量的变化,试图从细胞水平揭示唐古特白刺适应盐环境的生理机制。结果显示:(1)唐古特白刺愈伤组织中MDA含量在低浓度NaCl处理下与对照无显著性差异,而在中高浓度下显著升高。(2)白刺愈伤组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在各浓度NaCl胁迫下均比对照显著升高,且此效应无浓度依赖性;其过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随胁迫浓度的增加呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,在中低浓度下比对照显著增加,高浓度下显著降低为对照的64%;其过氧化物酶(POD)活性在低浓度下无显著性变化,在中高浓度显著下降为对照的55%和29%。(3)随NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,白刺愈伤组织中脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且除高浓度下可溶性蛋白含量约降为对照的87%外,其余NaCl胁迫处理的3种渗透调节物含量均高于对照。研究发现,白刺愈伤组织在低浓度的盐胁迫下具有较强的抗氧化酶活性和渗透性调节作用,因而表现出较强的抗氧化作用,但高浓度NaCl胁迫对白刺愈伤组织造成了显著的氧化损害。     

镉胁迫对西瓜幼苗生长及其叶片解剖结构和生理特性的影响

该研究以‘北抗1号’西瓜幼苗为试验材料,采用实验室盆栽方法,考察在不同浓度镉胁迫(0、60、120、180和240 mg/L)处理下西瓜幼苗的生长及其叶片生理特性和解剖结构的变化特征,初步探讨西瓜耐受镉胁迫的生理机制。结果显示：(1)在镉胁迫条件下,西瓜幼苗的生长受到抑制,随着镉胁迫浓度的增加,西瓜幼苗的叶片形态黄化现象逐渐加重,根系形态逐渐纤弱,株高、茎粗、茎节数和叶片数均呈现下降趋势。(2)镉胁迫下,西瓜幼苗叶片主脉中细胞受损,主脉直径显著减小,叶肉组织疏密度显著降低。(3)随着镉胁迫浓度的升高,西瓜幼苗的含水量、净光合速率、SOD活性等显著降低,丙二醛和游离脯氨酸含量显著升高,POD活性和可溶性蛋白含量先升高后降低,生理特性受到显著影响。研究发现,‘北抗1号’西瓜幼苗对镉有一定的适应性,在低浓度(60 mg/L)镉胁迫处理下,西瓜幼苗的形态特征、生理特性变化不显著,但在高浓度(180 mg/L)镉胁迫下,幼苗的生长受到严重抑制,渗透调节系统以及生物膜保护系统严重受损。     

镉胁迫下深色有隔内生真菌对玉米生长和根际土壤养分的影响

为探究重金属胁迫下深色有隔内生真菌(Dark septate endophytes, DSE)对植物和土壤微环境的影响,设置3个水平土壤Cd质量浓度(0,5,10 mg/kg),选择6种DSE菌种(链格孢菌Alternaria terricola、尖镰孢菌Fusarium acuminatum、穗状弯孢菌Curvularia spicifera、高粱细基格孢菌Ulocladium sorghi、丛赤壳菌Neonectria radicicola和根异茎点霉菌Phoma radicina)进行玉米回接试验,以阐明Cd胁迫下DSE真菌对玉米生长、光合作用、抗氧化性,以及土壤pH、养分及酶活性的重要意义。结果表明:Cd胁迫下,6种DSE菌种均能定殖玉米根系。双因素方差分析结果表明,DSE与Cd胁迫及其交互作用显著影响玉米地径、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化物酶(POD)、土壤pH和养分及酶活性(P0.05)。当植物未受到Cd污染时,菌株U. sorghi(US)显著增加地下干质量和土壤有机质含量,降低MDA的积累和土壤速效磷含量。在5,10 mg/kg Cd质量浓度下,A. terricola(AT)显著增加玉米叶片数和地径;菌株P. radicina(PR)和N. radicicola(NR)显著提高植物地上干质量;AT、C. spicifera(CS)、F. acuminatum(FA)和US显著提高叶片中叶绿素含量和降低MDA在植物中的积累;AT降低了土壤速效磷含量;US显著提高土壤有机质含量并对土壤酸性磷酸酶和脲酶活性具有抑制作用(P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析表明:土壤pH与地径和叶绿素含量显著正相关,有机质与植物谷胱甘肽显著负相关,速效磷与叶片数显著负相关(P0.05)。方差分解表明:DSE菌种、Cd浓度和土壤因子共解释玉米生长和生理指标的42.1%和14.5%,其中DSE单独解释了27.4%和8.4%。随着Cd浓度升高,DSE显著促进植物生长,增加植物抵抗重金属能力,提高土壤养分可利用性,证明了在土壤Cd胁迫下DSE对植物生长和抗逆性有重要影响。     

NaCl胁迫对2种表型盐地碱蓬种子萌发的渗透效应和离子效应研究

采用高低2个浓度的NaCl、LiCl及等渗甘露醇溶液处理紫红色表型(紫色型)和绿色表型(绿色型)盐地碱蓬种子,通过测定它们的种子萌发率、吸胀速率和胚内离子含量,研究NaCl胁迫对2种表型种子萌发的离子效应和渗透效应.结果表明:(1)2种表型盐地碱蓬种子萌发率在高浓度(300 mmol/L)和低浓度(100 mmol/L)NaCl处理下均显著降低,紫色型种子萌发率在低浓度下显著低于绿色型,而在高浓度下却显著高于绿色型;绿色型种子萌发率在高浓度(30 mmol/L)和低浓度(10 mmol/L)LiCl处理下均未受到显著影响,但紫色型种子萌发率却均极显著降低;2种表型盐地碱蓬种子萌发率在低浓度等渗甘露醇处理下均极显著低于低浓度NaCl处理,而高浓度等渗甘露醇处理却均与高浓度NaCl处理无显著差异.(2)2表型种盐地碱蓬种子的吸胀速率在低浓度NaCl处理下没有受到显著影响,但高浓度NaCl处理及与之等渗的高浓度甘露醇处理下都显著降低,而且紫色型种子的吸胀速率在等渗甘露醇处理时显著高于绿色型.(3)2种表型盐地碱蓬种子胚中的Na 含量和Na /K 在对照和低浓度NaCl处理下无显著差异,但紫色型种子胚中的Na 、K 含量在高浓度NaCl处理时都显著高于对照,且K 含量增加的幅度远大于Na 含量,导致紫色型种子胚中的Na /K 显著低于绿色型.研究发现,盐地碱蓬种子萌发在低浓度NaCl胁迫下主要受离子效应抑制,而高浓度NaCl胁迫下则主要受渗透效应抑制,紫色型种子萌发率在高浓度NaCl胁迫下高于绿色型的原因之一是前者能维持更低的Na /K 比.     

镧对稻麦根组织细胞膜透性和营养元素吸收积累的影响

镧在低浓度下(≤0.05mmol/L)可抑制K~ 离子外渗,减小膜透性;高浓度下(≥0.5 mmol/L)/则相反。不同作物,不同苗龄对镧的敏感性不同,钙可抑制高浓度镧引起的溶质外流。高浓度镧可抑制钙、磷吸收以及根系生长;低浓度则促进磷的吸收及根系发育。低钙水平下(0.05 mmol/L),镧促进根部的钙向地上部转移。作物根系可浓集镧。     

营养盐初始组合浓度对类波氏真眼点藻生长和油脂积累的影响

为了研究培养基中主要营养元素氮、磷、硫初始组合浓度对类波氏真眼点藻(Eustigmatos cf.polyphem D.J.Hibberd)生长、油脂积累和脂肪酸组成的影响,分别以NaNO_3、K_2HPO_4、MgSO_4为氮、磷、硫源,设置不同的营养盐初始组合浓度对其进行培养,采用干重法、重量法、气相色谱分析法、元素分析仪等依次对生物量、总脂、脂肪酸组成和细胞内元素含量进行测定。结果显示,氮、磷、硫三者的初始组合浓度变化对类波氏真眼点藻的生长和油脂积累具有明显的影响,9 mmol/L NaNO_3、0.92 mmol/L K_2HPO_4、0.3 mmol/L MgSO_4营养条件下其生物量达到最大值,为9.19 g/L;低氮、低磷胁迫或二者共同胁迫均促进其油脂积累,但低硫胁迫对油脂的积累影响不大,最大油脂含量出现在3 mmol/L NaNO_3、0.029 mmol/L K_2HPO_4、0.3 mmol/L MgSO_4条件下,为68.7%(DW)。此外,类波氏真眼点藻富含棕榈油酸,占总脂肪酸含量的最大值达60.88%。选择合理的氮、磷、硫初始组合浓度能够有效促进其生长或油脂及棕榈油酸的积累。     

Cadmium carcinogenesis

Cadmium is a heavy metal of considerable environmental and occupational concern. Cadmium compounds are classified as human carcinogens by several regulatory agencies. The most convincing data that cadmium is carcinogenic in humans comes from studies indicating occupational cadmium exposure is associated with lung cancer. Cadmium exposure has also been linked to human prostate and renal cancer, although this linkage is weaker than for lung cancer. Other target sites of cadmium carcinogenesis in humans, such as liver, pancreas and stomach, are considered equivocal. In animals, cadmium effectively induces cancers at multiple sites and by various routes. Cadmium inhalation in rats induces pulmonary adenocarcinomas, in accord with its role in human lung cancer. Cadmium can induce tumors and/or preneoplastic lesions within the rat prostate after ingestion or injection. At relatively high doses, cadmium induces benign testicular tumors in rats, but these appear to be due to early toxic lesions and loss of testicular function, rather than from a specific carcinogenic effect of cadmium. Like many other metals, cadmium salts will induce mesenchymal tumors at the site of subcutaneous (s.c.) or intramuscular (i.m.) injections, but the human relevance of these is dubious. Other targets of cadmium in rodents include the liver, adrenal, pancreas, pituitary, and hematopoietic system. With the exception of testicular tumors in rodents, the mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis are poorly defined. Cadmium can cause any number of molecular lesions that would be relevant to oncogenesis in various cellular model systems. Most studies indicate cadmium is poorly mutagenic and probably acts through indirect or epigenetic mechanisms, potentially including aberrant activation of oncogenes and suppression of apoptosis.     

Cadmium bioavailability

Cadmium slowly accumulates in the liver and kidney and has a long biological half-life, estimated to be 2-3 decades in the kidney. If the kidney cadmium concentration reaches a critically high level, proximal tubular damage results, which can be followed by severe bone mineral loss. There are only a few measurements of cadmium bioavailability in foods; however, the data are indicative of lower utilization from foods than from inorganic salts. In animal tissues cadmium is bound primarily to a heat-resistant small protein with a high cysteine content (metallothionein), whereas little is known about the form in which cadmium occurs in the edible parts of plants. Low intakes of many nutrients exacerbate the effects of cadmium and supplemental intakes are protective. Newborn and young animals absorb much higher quantities of cadmium than adults. There is some evidence in animals that females may be more adversely affected than males. Itai-itai disease, a painful disease with kidney damage and bone demineralization, occurred in elderly Japanese women who had borne several children and who were exposed to cadmium via food and drinking water. Inasmuch as cadmium in the U.S. food supply affords an estimated safety factor of only 4- to 15-fold, it is important to establish factors that affect the bioavailability of cadmium from foods.     

Cadmium and mitochondria

The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) a pollutant associated with several modern industrial processes, is absorbed in significant quantities from cigarette smoke, water, food and air contaminations.It is known to have numerous undesirable effects on health in both experimental animals and humans, targeting kidney, liver and vascular system.The molecular mechanism accounting for most of the biological effects of Cd are not well-understood and the toxicity targets are largely unidentified.The present review focuses on important recent advances about the effects of cadmium on mitochondria of mammalian cells.Mitochondria are the proverbial powerhouses of the cell, running the fundamental biochemical processes that produce energy from nutrients using oxygen. They are among the key intracellular targets for different stressors including Cd.This review provides new additional informations on the cellular and molecular aspects of the interaction between Cd and cells, emphasizing alterations of mitochondria as important events in Cd cytotoxicity, thus representing an important basis for understanding the mechanisms of cadmium effect on the cells.     

木槿品种对镉胁迫的生理响应及耐镉能力评价

研究镉胁迫对木槿的生理影响,比较木槿品种的镉耐受能力,为镉污染地区的植物材料选择提供依据.以3个木槿品种为材料,采取盆栽控制试验,测定其生长、生理指标,通过隶属函数分析综合比较品种耐镉能力.木槿的株高与地径增长量、叶绿素A+B与可溶性蛋白含量随胁迫浓度增加呈先上升后降低或逐渐降低趋势,而且随时间延长,降低程度不断加强;...     

南瓜对镉的吸收积累特性研究

对南瓜进行盆栽试验,通过加入不同含量的镉、CaCO₃和草炭土,研究南瓜对镉的吸收积累特性,利用火焰原子吸收法测定。结果表明,南瓜植株对镉的富集量主要集中在茎、根中;当土壤镉含量小于5mg·kg^-1时,对南瓜根的生长有促进作用,当土壤镉含量大于5mg·kg^-1时,开始对根的生长产生抑制作用,抑制作用随镉含量的增大而加强;在土壤中施CaCO₃,能降低南瓜对镉的吸收;在土壤中加入草炭土,在一定范围内,它能促进南瓜对镉的吸收。     

Cadmium carcinogenesis in review

Cadmium is an inorganic toxicant of great environmental and occupational concern which was classified as a human carcinogen in 1993. Occupational cadmium exposure is associated with lung cancer in humans. Cadmium exposure has also, on occasion, been linked to human prostate cancer. The epidemiological data linking cadmium and pulmonary cancer are much stronger than for prostatic cancer. Other target sites for cadmium carcinogenesis in humans (liver, kidney, stomach) are considered equivocal. In rodents, cadmium causes tumors at several sites and by various routes. Cadmium inhalation in rats results in pulmonary adenocarcinomas, supporting a role in human lung cancer. Prostate tumors and preneoplastic proliferative lesions can be induced in rats after cadmium ingestion or injection. Prostatic carcinogenesis in rats occurs only at cadmium doses below those that induce chronic degeneration and dysfunction of the testes, a well-known effect of cadmium, confirming the androgen dependency of prostate tumors. Other targets of cadmium in rodents include the testes, adrenals, injection sites, and hematopoietic system. Various treatments can modify cadmium carcinogenesis including supplemental zinc, which prevents cadmium-induced injection site and testicular tumors while facilitating prostatic tumors. Cadmium is poorly mutagenic and probably acts through indirect mechanisms, although the precise mechanisms remain unknown.     

Cadmium toxicity in fishes

Cadmium from industrial effluents pollutes sea and river water and hence may effect the fish population therein. The present investigation shows that resistivity is greater in case of air-breathing fishes as compared to non air-breathing fishes with regards to their duration of survival and growth when exposed to a cadmium containing environment. Under sub-acute levels of cadmium exposure, they respond differently so far as the activities of their liver, gill and intestinal lysosomal enzymes are concerned. Though both species show a definite stress condition on cadmium exposure, the two anatomically different fishes respond differently towards carbohydrate metabolism as observed from liver and muscle glycogen content, liver microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity and serum glucose level.