甘肃白水江自然保护区绿尾虹雉分布与生态的初步观察

依据野外观察，对甘肃白水江自然保护区绿尾虹雉（Ｌｏｐｈｏｐｈｏｒｕｓｌｈｕｙｓｉｉ）的分布、数量与现状、栖息环境、生活习性等生态特征进行了初步研究。结果表明，在北纬３２°３８＇─３２°５７＇、东经１０４°１５＇─１０５°０４＇之间形成了沿摩天岭山脊北侧宽窄不一的水平分布带、东西长达１９公里；垂直分布在海拔２３００─４０７２米之间。根据地势、气候和植被分布等特点，将栖息地划为三个生态分布带，其数量在高山稀疏灌丛、草甸、裸岩带为３．２５只／平方公里、亚高山针叶林带为１．６只／平方公里，针阔混交林带为０．５只／平方公里；以植物性食物为主，夜栖树上、主要天敌为猛禽。     

中华猕猴桃和美昧猕猴桃的倍性变异及地理分布研究

根据已有的猕猴桃自然地理分布资料,通过对中华猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis）和美味猕猴桃（A．deliciosa）野外分布居群的详细调查,利用流式细胞技术对我国西部高原台地向中东部丘陵平原过渡地带6个纯中华猕猴桃、1个纯美味猕猴桃和5个中华／美味猕猴桃同域分布居群共276个个体的倍性进行了检测。结果表明：（1）中华猕猴桃存在二倍体和四倍体,美味猕猴桃存在四倍体、五倍体和六倍体;（2）中华猕猴桃和美昧猕猴桃在经度和纬度的分布上存在显著差异（P〈0．05）,中华猕猴桃在经度上偏东分布而美味猕猴桃偏西,纬度分布上中华猕猴桃偏南而美味猕猴桃偏北;而且不同倍性小种在经、纬度分布上呈现显著差异（P〈0．05）,二倍体、四倍体、六倍体的分布在经度上依次从东到西、纬度上从南到北;（3）中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃不同倍性小种的海拔分布存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）,二倍体小种分布海拔最低,四倍体小种次之,六倍体小种海拔分布最高,但通过LSD分析四倍体个体和六倍体个体在海拔分布上不存在显著差异（P〉0．05）。通过对中华／美味猕猴桃这两种具有重要经济价值的果树的倍性变异及地理分布的探讨,提出了猕猴桃倍性小种分布的上述规律并给猕猴桃种质资源收集、评价、创新和可持续利用方面提供了初步的研究基础,尤其是为我国猕猴桃新品种选育提供了基础数据和科学依据。     

中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃的倍性变异及地理分布研究

根据已有的猕猴桃自然地理分布资料,通过对中华猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis）和美味猕猴桃（A．deliciosa）野外分布居群的详细调查,利用流式细胞技术对我国西部高原台地向中东部丘陵平原过渡地带6个纯中华猕猴桃、1个纯美味猕猴桃和5个中华／美味猕猴桃同域分布居群共276个个体的倍性进行了检测。结果表明：（1）中华猕猴桃存在二倍体和四倍体,美味猕猴桃存在四倍体、五倍体和六倍体;（2）中华猕猴桃和美昧猕猴桃在经度和纬度的分布上存在显著差异（P〈0．05）,中华猕猴桃在经度上偏东分布而美味猕猴桃偏西,纬度分布上中华猕猴桃偏南而美味猕猴桃偏北;而且不同倍性小种在经、纬度分布上呈现显著差异（P〈0．05）,二倍体、四倍体、六倍体的分布在经度上依次从东到西、纬度上从南到北;（3）中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃不同倍性小种的海拔分布存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）,二倍体小种分布海拔最低,四倍体小种次之,六倍体小种海拔分布最高,但通过LSD分析四倍体个体和六倍体个体在海拔分布上不存在显著差异（P〉0．05）。通过对中华／美味猕猴桃这两种具有重要经济价值的果树的倍性变异及地理分布的探讨,提出了猕猴桃倍性小种分布的上述规律并给猕猴桃种质资源收集、评价、创新和可持续利用方面提供了初步的研究基础,尤其是为我国猕猴桃新品种选育提供了基础数据和科学依据。     

甘肃陇南中华猕猴桃资源调查及其保护开发利用

甘肃省位于中国西北,深居内陆,东经93.5°~108.5°、北纬33°~43°,面积42万km2。地处秦岭山地、黄土高原、蒙新高原和青藏高原的接触地区,是国内野生植物资源种类比较丰富的省份之一。甘肃野生猕猴桃种质资源丰富,现有中华猕猴桃、狗枣猕猴桃、黑蕊猕猴桃、葛枣猕猴桃、软枣猕猴桃等10个野生种,由于纬度、海拔、气候的差异,大致可分为猕猴桃资源丰富和分散分布两个地带。资源分布丰富地带在徽县、文县、成县、武都、康县五县东南部的碧口、洛塘、阳坝、宋坪、嘉陵等40多个乡。资源分布分散地带在天水、两当、西和、礼县徽成盆地西北部的次生林区。多年来,随着工农业发展和人们对自然资源的不合理开发利用,严重影响了农业野生植物原生境。本文根据查阅、收集资料和实地调查相结合,基本摸清了甘肃野生猕猴桃资源的现状和人为破坏程度,介绍了甘肃省农业野生猕猴桃资源分布概况,建立野生猕猴桃保护点,对保护点做出评估,提出了甘肃省野生猕猴桃保护及开发利用对策。     

三峡库区消涨带维管植物区系的初步研究

三峡库区消涨带是指三峡库区范围内长江进一步充及其支流由于江（河）水水位季节性涨落。导致其沿江（河）两岸土地出现周期性淹没而自然形成的带状区域。该带维管植物区系具有以下特征;植物种类比较丰富,计有维管植物83科,240属,377种,26变种和2变型;地理成分复杂,联系广泛,温带成分占优势;区系组成表现进化性,生活型组成以多年生草本,一年生草本和灌木为主;地方特有成分不多,但中国特有种类比较丰富;带内不同区段物种丰富度有差异。干流多于支流,奉节以东多于奉节以西,带上部多于带中部和带下部;优势现象明显,表征类型丰富。     

四川省甘孜州野生果树资源调查及开发对策

甘孜州是我国长江上游天然物种基因库和世界高山带植物多样性最丰富的地区之一，其野生果树资源构成与分布在国家生态安全格局与川藏滇青经济发展战略中地位突出。为使其得到合理开发与利用，结合实地调查与文献资料对甘孜州野生果树资源组成与区系分布等进行了分析。结果表明：甘孜州野生果树有44科99属547种，占四川省野生果树资源的66.30%，其中裸子植物6科6属9种，被子植物38科93属538种，有蔷薇科、忍冬科、小檗科等10个优势科，栒子属、悬钩子属、茶藨子属等11个优势属。在生活型多样性上，木本植物占绝对优势（517种，94.52%），灌木类居多（342种，62.52%）；在果实类型上，分属14类，以浆果（15科25属162种）、梨果（1科12属95种）与核果（9科21属89种）为主。在植物区系上，表现为温带与热带区系成分为主（74.74%）。空间分布不均且零星化，种类在垂直方向以1 300～3 000 m最多，水平方向以东西部高山峡谷区最多。建议加强野生果树保护性开发与驯化，提高综合利用效率，结合高原文化与旅游经济协同发展。     

我国果树种质资源科技基础性工作30年回顾与发展建议

本文回顾了中国果树种质资源工作的发展历史,总结了我国30余年果树种质资源工作取得的成就,指出中国果树种质资源在发展中存在的主要问题,并对今后开展种质资源基础性工作提出了发展建议。     

地球年轮——“金钉子”的故事：湖北黄花场的秘密

2007年5月国际地质科学联合会（IUGS,简称”地科联”）批准我国湖北省宜昌市至兴山县主干公路旁的黄花场剖面（北纬30°51’37．8″;东经110°22＇26．5”）为全球中和下奥陶统暨奥陶系第三个阶（大坪阶）的界线层型剖面和点位（GSSP）,俗称“金钉子”。这是世界第66枚、中国第7枚“金钉子”,也是地球年轮中奥陶纪时期的最后一枚“金钉子”,距今4．72亿年。     

生物技术与我国猕猴桃育种

猕猴桃是原产我国的重要果树之一。随着现代生物技术的发展,以野生和实生选优为主的传统猕猴桃育种方法与以基因组学和转基因为核心的分子育种技术相比,挑战和机遇并存。与其他果树相比,猕猴桃生物技术及其转基因研究较为滞后。就现代生物技术在猕猴桃遗传育种中的方法、应用及研究进展进行了综述,并对我国猕猴桃育种现状进行浅析,旨在为我国猕猴桃育种和产业发展提供方法参考及思路借鉴。     

黄淮海地区玉蜀黍黑粉菌群体遗传结构分析

利用17个多态性ISSR引物对2017年在我国黄淮海地区采集的41株玉蜀黍黑粉菌Ustilago maydis样本进行了种群遗传结构分析。基于UPGMA法和贝叶斯模型对玉蜀黍黑粉菌群体遗传结构分析显示,采集的样本可以分为两大群,且种群的划分表现出了与来源地理纬度的一致性。因此按照各样本所属地理纬度将样本分为北纬33°-34°、北纬35°-36°、北纬37°-38° 3大种群。结果表明,分离自北纬33°-34°地区的玉蜀黍黑粉菌遗传多样性最丰富,Nei’s基因多样性（H）为0.2216,Shannon指数（I）为0.3300。分子方差分析（AMOVA）显示,变异中来自种群内部的变异为86%,种群间变异14%（φpt=0.141）。     

气候变化背景下中国南方地区季节性干旱特征与适应Ⅴ.南方地区季节性干旱特征分区和评述

在干旱特征研究的基础上开展季节性干旱分类分区,可为不同干旱区域应对全球气候变化、制定抗旱减灾对策和防控技术提供理论依据.以国家标准中的气象干旱、农业干旱指标为主要依据,利用南方地区268个气象台站1959-2008年的气候资料,在分析南方地区季节性干旱的气候背景和分布特征的基础上,采用综合因子与主导因子相结合方法、逐级指标筛选法,综合灾害分析和聚类分析方法,对季节性干旱进行3级分区.一级分区以年干燥度和季干燥度为主要指标,以年尺度和主要作物生长季的降水量为辅助指标,将南方区域分为半干旱区、半湿润区、湿润区和极湿润区4个一级区;在此基础上再划分为川滇高原山地温凉半干旱区,江北温暖半湿润区、华南暖热半湿润区和西南高原温凉半湿润区3个半湿润区,长江流域温热湿润区、华南暖热湿润区和西南山地温暖湿润区3个湿润区,以及华南暖热极湿润区和江南西南山区温凉极湿润区2个极湿润区,共9个二级干旱分区.最后基于多个干旱指标的干旱频率和干旱强度,将南方区域分成29个三级干旱区.在分区基础上对不同季节性干旱特征分区分布情况、干旱特点及对农业生产影响进行评述,并提出了防旱避灾措施.     

东北地区春玉米气候适宜度模型

农作物生长是一个连续的动态过程,因而作物生长的最适宜气象指标也是连续变化的.据此,本文提出作物生长日可利用降水量的推算方法和气象指标时间插值算法,构建了日尺度气候适宜度模型,利用东北地区农业气象站的多年玉米观测资料进行检验.结果表明： 模型计算的气候适宜度与株高、百粒重存在显著正相关;在春玉米营养生长期间,气候适宜度与株高的相关系数(R²)在0.58以上;春玉米生殖生长期间,气候适宜度与春玉米百粒重的R²在0.45以上.本文建立的日尺度气候适宜度模型能客观地反映营养生长阶段及生殖生长阶段作物与气候条件的相互作用关系.
     

China's bioenergy potential

Despite great enthusiasm about developing renewable energy in China, the country's bioenergy potential remains unclear. Traditional utilization of bioenergy through primarily household combustion of crop residue and fuelwood is still a predominant energy source for rural China. More efficient utilization of ～300 million tons of crop residues for bioelectricity generation could add a couple of percent of renewable energy to China's total energy production. With <9% of the world's arable land supporting ～20% of the world's population, China is already a net grain importer and has little extra farmland for producing a significantly additional amount of biofuels from first‐generation energy crops, such as maize, sugarcane, and soybean. Second‐generation energy crops hold the greatest potential for bioenergy development worldwide. Miscanthus, a native perennial C4 grass that produces high biomass across almost the entire climatic zone of China, is the most promising second‐generation energy crop to domesticate and cultivate. A reasonable near‐term goal is to produce 1 billion tons of Miscanthus biomass annually from ～100 million hectares of marginal and degraded land concentrated in northern and northwestern China. This can generate ～1458 TW h electricity and mitigate ～1.7 billion tons of CO₂ emission from power coal, which account for ～45% of China's electricity output and ～28% of CO₂ emission in 2007. Furthermore, growing perennial grasses on marginal and degraded land will contribute to the ongoing efforts in China to restore vast areas of land under serious threat of desertification. With this potential taken into account, bioenergy can play a major role in meeting China's rapidly growing energy demand while substantially reducing greenhouse gas emission.     

Contributions of climatic and crop varietal changes to crop production in the North China Plain,since 1980s

The North China Plain (NCP) is the most important agricultural production area in China. Crop production in the NCP is sensitive to changes in both climate and management practices. While previous studies showed a negative impact of climatic change on crop yield since 1980s, the confounding effects of climatic and agronomic factors have not been separately investigated. This paper used 25 years of crop data from three locations (Nanyang, Zhengzhou and Luancheng) across the NCP, together with daily weather data and crop modeling, to analyse the contribution of changes in climatic and agronomic factors to changes in grain yields of wheat and maize. The results showed that the changes in climate were not uniform across the NCP and during different crop growth stages. Warming mainly occurred during the vegetative (preflowering) growth stage of wheat and maize, while there was a cooling trend or no significant change in temperatures during the postflowering stage of wheat (spring) or maize (autumn). If varietal effects were excluded, warming during vegetative stages would lead to a reduction in the length of the growing period for both crops, generally leading to a negative impact on crop production. However, autonomous adoption of new crop varieties in the NCP was able to compensate the negative impact of climatic change. For both wheat and maize, the varietal changes helped stabilize the length of preflowering period against the shortening effect of warming and, together with the slightly reduced temperature in the postflowering period, extend the length of the grain‐filling period. The combined effect led to increased wheat yield at Zhengzhou and Luancheng; increased maize yield at Nanyang and Luancheng; stabilized wheat yield at Nanyang, and a slight reduction in maize yield at Zhengzhou, compared with the yield change caused entirely by climatic change.     

Deconstructing crop processes and models via identities

This paper is part review and part opinion piece; it has three parts of increasing novelty and speculation in approach. The first presents an overview of how some of the major crop simulation models approach the issue of simulating the responses of crops to changing climatic and weather variables, mainly atmospheric CO₂ concentration and increased and/or varying temperatures. It illustrates an important principle in models of a single cause having alternative effects and vice versa. The second part suggests some features, mostly missing in current crop models, that need to be included in the future, focussing on extreme events such as high temperature or extreme drought. The final opinion part is speculative but novel. It describes an approach to deconstruct resource use efficiencies into their constituent identities or elements based on the Kaya‐Porter identity, each of which can be examined for responses to climate and climatic change. We give no promise that the final part is ‘correct’, but we hope it can be a stimulation to thought, hypothesis and experiment, and perhaps a new modelling approach.     

不同自然地带杉木林的生物生产力

本文对不同自然地带杉木林的生物生产力进行了比较,结果表明：中带(相当于中亚热带)生产力最高,其后依次为南带(相当于南亚热带)和北带(相当于北亚热带)。     

刈割冬牧70黑麦地上生物量动态与草群再生效应的研究

通过刈割冬牧70黑麦研究一、二茬草地上生物量动态特征及草群的再生效应,结果表明:从返青至初夏(6月7日)的生长期内,冬牧70黑麦可收获两茬草,地上最高总生物量可达1004.20g/m²,表明其具有强的光合生产效率。通过一、二茬草生产性能比较可以看出,在最高总生物量中,二茬草占57.11%,生长天数占总生长天数的42.06%;一茬草鲜干比相对较大,茎叶比则相对较低,说明一茬草更适合用作青饲或制备青绿饮食品,二茬草则更利于制备干草饲用或纤维食品。AGR与RGR的比较可进一步证明一茬草后期的管理对草群总生物量的形成具有重要的作用。本研究为最大限度发挥冬牧70黑麦生产性能及实施高效生态农业工程提供理论依据。     

全球气候变化对我国西北地区农业的影响

在比较系统总结全球气候变化对我国西北地区农业影响的主要研究成果的基础上,揭示了我国西北地区现代气候变化对全球气候变暖响应的基本特征,阐述了现代气候变化对土壤水分、地表蒸发和作物气候生产力的影响规律;并且比较全面地概括了西北地区冬、春小麦、玉米、马铃薯、冬油菜、棉花、胡麻、牧草、葡萄等9种主要农作物的生长发育、病虫害、种植面积、气候产量以及畜牧业活动等对气候变化的响应特征,发现气候变化对农业生产过程的影响利弊皆存,而且不同农作物对气候变化的响应特征差异较大.研究对西北地区农业生产具有比较重要的科学指导意见.     

Dendrometric characteristics as indicators of pressure of Afzelia africana Sm. dynamic changes in trees found in different climatic zones of Benin

Afzelia africana is a forest species used by local inhabitants for various purposes, especially as forage to feed cattle, as medicinal plant and its wood is used to make furniture or for cooking. Its utilisation in its current form constitutes a threat to this species. However, the lack of data on this species is a hindrance towards drawing up an efficient program for its sustainable management. In order to fill in some gaps in the knowledge of A. africana tree populations, dendrometric characteristics of this species were studied within different climatic zones where it occurs in Benin. Data collected on each of them included height and diameter, and with regard to the levels of pressure, five categories were defined namely: null, weak, moderate, severe and very severe. As far as diameter is concerned every size was taken into consideration in all the climatic zones. However, average diameter and height of the A. africana individuals varied significantly according to climatic zones. Anthropogenic pressure increased while moving from the humid zone towards the drier zone. Moreover, there was a noticeable significant change in the level and quality of pressure between trees found in the different climatic zones in the sense that the lower the height of the trees, the more severe the level of pressure exerted. Such a relationship was not significant when one considers tree diameter in accordance with the climatic zones in the country.     

杉木种子园种子产量及其主导影响因子的分析

 为研究我国杉木种子园产量的主导影响因子及影响效应,调查收集了安徽西田、福建洋口和官庄、广东小坑4个林场杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）种子园历年种子产量及与种子生产年份对应的有关气象资料,以开花受粉、幼果发育各个不同时期的20个气象因子与种子产量进行逐步回归分析,探讨我国杉木种子园产量的大小年现象及周期特征。研究结果表明,杉木种子园投产初期大小年现象不显著,投产中、后期大小年现象出现的年度及周期特征完全一致,种子大小年周期一般为2～3年。在同一地区气候条件相似的情况下,即使立地条件、