尖孢镰孢一新硝酸盐营养突变类型与营养体亲和性

从７３个尖孢镰孢不同专化型菌株上获得６８４个硝酸盐营养突变株。作相关氮源利用试验及亚硝酸反应后,鉴定出一新硝酸盐营养突变类型,亚硝酸盐还原酶结构基因类型,命名为ｎｉｔ８,占总突变株的６．７％,同时被鉴别的还有ｎｉｔ１,ｎｉｔ３和Ｎｉｔ Ｍ三种突变类型,它们分别占突变株总数的８１．０％,３．８％和８．５％。此外,首次引入一种亚硝酸反应在这类研究中的应用,还提出了互补指数概念与公式来表示ｎｉｔ突变株营     

禾谷镰孢霉nit突变体的诱导及其生物学特性

将3个抗多菌灵和2个野生敏感型禾谷镰孢霉（Fusarium graminearum)菌株分别在含氯酸盐的MMC培养基上培养,共得到22个不能利用硝酸盐的营养缺陷突变体（Nitrate nonutilizing mutant,简称nit突变体）。比较了各nit突变体与其亲本菌株之间在菌落生长速率,培养性状,产分生孢子能力,产生囊壳能力以及对多菌灵的敏感性等生物学特性方面的变化。结果表明,nit突变体均抗氯酸盐,在PSA平板上的生长速率没有改变,有性生殖能力没有下降,在Joff's培养液和5%绿豆汤培养液中仍能产孢,但产孢量与亲本菌株有差异。此外,禾谷镰孢霉对氯酸盐和多菌灵之间没有交互抗药性,因此,可用nit作为遗传标记,研究禾谷镰孢霉有关性状的遗传学。     

蛹虫草(Cordycepsmilitaris)无性型的多型现象

在萨氏琼脂和PDA上,蛹虫草Cordycepsmilitaris（Vuill）Fr.无性型,蛹草拟青霉Paecilomycesmilitaris(Kob）Br.＆Sm．的一些单孢子株可自发产生突变,基于多型现象及其它形态特征可分三种类型：（1）具野生型菌株特征;产孢结构拟青霉型（Paecilomyces－type）,稳定,菌落通常不自发产生角变,大多数单孢子株属此类群。（2）属此类群的单孢子株,在PDA上可形成亮褐色至橙黄色的角变,它们典型的产孢结构为瓶梗轮生,分生孢子常聚集成头状的轮枝孢型（Verticillium－type）。在查氏培养基上则相反,拟青霉型的产孢结构占优势。单孢子株Cm-71是这一类群的代表。（3）单孢子株Cm－42是在所观察单孢子株中形态特征独特的菌株。在PDA上菌丝生长纤细,蛛网状,产孢结构轮枝孢型。蛹草拟青霉对氯酸钾（KClO3）不敏感,在浓度为6％（W／V）的KMM培养基上,23～24℃14天菌落的直径仅1～2cm,无气生菌丝生长。各单孢子株形成的不利用硝酸盐突变株（nit突变株）的途径和形态特征,也可分成类似于粉被虫草CordycepspruinosaPeteh不利用硝酸盐突变株（nit突变株）的三种类型。     

蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris)无性型的多型现象*

在萨氏琼脂和PDA上,蛹虫草Cordycepsmilitaris（Vuill）Fr.无性型,蛹草拟青霉Paecilomycesmilitaris(Kob）Br.＆Sm．的一些单孢子株可自发产生突变,基于多型现象及其它形态特征可分三种类型：（1）具野生型菌株特征;产孢结构拟青霉型（Paecilomyces－type）,稳定,菌落通常不自发产生角变,大多数单孢子株属此类群。（2）属此类群的单孢子株,在PDA上可形成亮褐色至橙黄色的角变,它们典型的产孢结构为瓶梗轮生,分生孢子常聚集成头状的轮枝孢型（Verticillium－type）。在查氏培养基上则相反,拟青霉型的产孢结构占优势。单孢子株Cm-71是这一类群的代表。（3）单孢子株Cm－42是在所观察单孢子株中形态特征独特的菌株。在PDA上菌丝生长纤细,蛛网状,产孢结构轮枝孢型。蛹草拟青霉对氯酸钾（KClO3）不敏感,在浓度为6％（W／V）的KMM培养基上,23～24℃14天菌落的直径仅1～2cm,无气生菌丝生长。各单孢子株形成的不利用硝酸盐突变株（nit突变株）的途径和形态特征,也可分成类似于粉被虫草CordycepspruinosaPeteh不利用硝酸盐突变株（nit突变株）的三种类型。     

粟长孺孢菌的异核现象

本文报道了粟长孺孢的菌(Hetminthosporium setariae)的异核现象。用γ-射线和甲基磺酸乙酯诱变获得的颜色、形态和营养突变株(H8、Hw)可在基本培养基上形成异核体(8W)。其以上各种特性不同于亲本。 8W分离之后的突变株可稳定地传代,混合后仍能形成异核体。从而证实了该菌的异核性。观察并测定了亲本株和异核体的生长率、致病性及产孢能力。粟长孺孢菌(H8)和玉蜀黍长孺孢菌(866·R-8)可形成种间异核体。     

禾谷镰孢霉nit突变体的诱导及其生物学特性

将3个抗多菌灵和2个野生敏感型禾谷镰孢霉(Fusarium graminearum)菌株分别在含氯酸盐的MMC培养基上培养,共得到22个不能利用硝酸盐的营养缺陷突变体(Nitrate nonutilizing mutant, 简称nit突变体)。比较了各nit突变体与其亲本菌株之间在菌落生长速率、培养性状、产分生孢子能力、产子囊壳能力以及对多菌灵的敏感性等生物学特性方面的变化。结果表明,nit突变体均抗氯酸盐,在PSA平板上的生长速率没有改变,有性生殖能力没有下降,在Joffs 培养液和5%绿豆汤培养液中仍能产孢,但产孢量与亲本菌株有差异。此外,禾谷镰孢霉对氯酸盐和多菌灵之间没有交互抗药性。因此,可用nit作为遗传标记,研究禾谷镰孢霉有关性状的遗传学。     

粉被虫草无性型单孢子株间和单孢子株内的营养亲和性

在含5％氨酸钾的KMM和KPS培养基上,粉被虫草无性型以3种途径产生不利用硝酸盐的突变株（nit突变株）。（1）由菌落基质菌丝形成的快速生长气生菌丝角变;（2）菌落表面快速生长的气生菌丝;（3）菌落基质菌丝缓慢生长形成的基质菌丝角变。来自18个单孢子株的94个nit突变株中,64.8％的突变株是稳定的。配对试验结果表明:在全部19个配对中,单孢子株内配对率为57.9％,单孢子株间配对率为42.1％。在全部nit突变株中,Cp-14c3突变株与其它突变株间的配对率最高（18.2％）。单孢子株间配对率高的孢子株是Cp-14Cp-7,Cp-5和Cp-6,将来自Cp-14同一单孢子株的Cpe-14C3分别与Cp-14cl和Cp-14c4nit突变株配对后发现,它们形成的浓密生长配接线的颜色是不相同的,前者橙色,后者白色。统计结果发现,所试全部的单泡子株可分成11个营养亲和群（VCGs）,那些含有易与其它菌株配对的nit突变株的单孢子株,如Cp-1,Cg-4,Cp-5,Cp-6,Cp-7,Cp-13,和Cp-14等皆在同一营养亲和群内。用Hochest33258荧光染色观察发现,野生型菌株的菌丝和分生孢子单核,nit突变株的少量分生孢子中可见双核,互补配对形成的浓密菌丝丛中的分生孢子则常见双核。     

禾谷镰孢霉nit突变体的诱导及其生物学特性*

将3个抗多菌灵和2个野生敏感型禾谷镰孢霉(Fusarium graminearum)菌株分别在含氯酸盐的MMC培养基上培养,共得到22个不能利用硝酸盐的营养缺陷突变体(Nitrate nonutilizing mutant, 简称nit突变体)。比较了各nit突变体与其亲本菌株之间在菌落生长速率、培养性状、产分生孢子能力、产子囊壳能力以及对多菌灵的敏感性等生物学特性方面的变化。结果表明,nit突变体均抗氯酸盐,在PSA平板上的生长速率没有改变,有性生殖能力没有下降,在Joffs 培养液和5%绿豆汤培养液中仍能产孢,但产孢量与亲本菌株有差异。此外,禾谷镰孢霉对氯酸盐和多菌灵之间没有交互抗药性。因此,可用nit作为遗传标记,研究禾谷镰孢霉有关性状的遗传学。     

炭疽菌不利用硝酸盐突变体的筛选及鉴定

将从杉木和大叶黄杨上分离获得的８个胶孢炭疽菌（Colletoctrichum gloeosporioides）分离物培养在含氯酸钾的平板上,得到快速生长抗氯酸钾的不利用硝酸盐的突变体(Nit)。所有的突变体经鉴定分属于３种表现型,即硝酸还原酶结构位点（nit１）,硝酸盐同化途径的专化调节位点（nit３）,和钼辅因位点（nitM）。分离物发生突变的频率随氯酸钾浓度的增加而提高,并且不同的氮源在一定程度上会影响突变表型种类。除ＣＣ３外,所有的分离物都是自身亲和的,即不同表型的突变体能遗传互补,其     

不同地理和寄主来源的串珠镰孢的营养体亲和性研究

选用107个采自安徽、山东、江苏、湖北等不同地区棉花、玉米、水稻的串珠镰孢Fusarium moniliforme菌株,在含KClO3培养基上诱导筛选获得抗氯酸盐、不能还原利用硝酸盐的突变株(nitmutant)1081株,在MM、NM、HM等3种不同氮源培养基上划分出nitA、nitB、nitC、nitD四种突变类型,其中nitA出现频率最高,占总体76%;nitB和nitC其次,分别占12%和10%;nitD最少,占总体2%。采用nit突变体互补型配对技术,将供试菌株分别按地理来源和分离寄主进行配对培养,测得不同寄主群体内菌株的营养体亲合群(VCGs)数为56个,然后从每个VCG中随机抽取1个样本菌株,测定不同群体间菌株的VCG同一性,发现所抽取的56个菌株分属于54个VCGs,其中来自棉花的菌株Fm1、Fm2分别与来自玉米的菌株Fm19、Fm20属于同一VCG。按地理来源测定,4个群体共测得55个VCGs,其中来自山东的菌株Fm45和来自安徽的菌株Fm16发生亲和反应,属于同一VCG;107个菌株划分为54个VCGs。结果表明,串珠镰孢菌株群体内存在丰富的VCGs多样性。经多样性分析,不同地理来源的菌株平均1.9454个组成1个VCG,其P与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为0.5140和1.0365;不同寄主上分离的菌株平均1.9107个形成1个VCG,P与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为0.5234和0.9048。经t测验,两个群体Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H值间差异不显著(t=0.70小于t0.05=1.98),说明两个群体的VCG多样性无显著差异,相同地区来源的菌株的遗传相似性与相同寄主来源的遗传相似性相当。     

Nitrate Nonutilizing Mutants and Vegetative Compatibility Groups in Fusarium poae

Nitrate nonutilizing (nit) mutants were recovered from 24 isolates of Fusarium poae and used to force heterokaryons between these isolates and to determine vegetative compatibility. Between 30 and 90% of the mycelial blocks, cultured on medium containing chlorate, produced nit mutants. The amount of chlorate in the medium altered the frequency and spectrum of nit mutants recovered. Most of the mutants (63%) had lesions at a nitrate reductase structural locus (nit1). Another 30% were mutants at one or more loci that control the production of a molybdenum-containing cofactor necessary for nitrate reductase activity (NitM). A few (6%) of the mutations occurred in a regulatory gene specific for the nitrate reduction pathway (nit3). Pairings between nit1 and NitM mutants were made on minimal medium containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. A mutant grows thinly unless it forms a complementary heterokaryon upon contact with another mutant. Heterokaryon formation was indicated by dense growth where the two mutant colonies touched. The 24 isolates could be divided into 13 nonoverlapping vegetative compatibility groups, suggesting that asexual exchange of genetic information within F. poae is subject to significant limitations.     

Genetic and molecular characterization of pathogenic isolates of Pyricularia grisea from wheat (Triticum aestivum Lam.) and triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) in the state of Paraná, Brazil

Isolates of Pyricularia grisea from wheat (Triticum aestivum Lam.) and triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) spikes with blast symptoms were analyzed by classical (VCG) and molecular (RAPD) techniques. P. grisea mutants, unable to use sodium nitrate (nit) as nitrogen source, were obtained with potassium chlorate. For vegetative compatibility (VCG) tests, genetically complementary nit mutant pairs were inoculated in a medium with sodium nitrate as a single nitrogen source. P. grisea isolates were divided into two vegetative compatibility groups and two RAPD groups. Since vegetative compatible strains may mutually exchange genetic and cytoplasmatic material, the contribution of the parasexual cycle in the genetic variability of Brazilian P. grisea isolates is discussed.     

新月弯孢菌Curvularia lunata营养体亲和性的进一步研究

来自全国39个地区的70株新月弯孢菌Curvularialunata在WAC培养基上诱导培养后,随机挑取10197个抗KClO3突变体,经CDA鉴定获得2207株nit突变体,nit突变体频率为21.64%。在这些nit突变体中,1397个为nit1,占63.30%;734个为NitM,占33.26%;76个为nit3,占3.44%。70个菌株全部获得了稳定的nit突变体,其中52个菌株获得了NitM突变体。结果表明WAC比先前报道的KPS更适合用于C.lunatanit突变体的筛选。通过不同菌株间互补nit突变体配对测试,将其中的65个C.lunata菌株划分为22个营养体亲和群(VCGS),而另外5个菌株因未获得NitM突变体暂时无法确定其VCG。划分出的22个VCGs中,有11个VCGs是由多菌株组成的,VCG3为优势类群,含18个菌株,其地理来源最复杂,主要为致病性中等以上的菌株;其余11个VCGs内均仅有1个自身亲和的菌株。以上结果初步表明,在C.lunata群体内存在丰富的VCG多样性,VCG3可能是与致病性相关的优势VCG,但营养体亲和性与菌株地理来源没有明显的直接关系。     

以nit为遗传标记研究禾谷镰刀菌对氰烯菌酯的抗药性在菌丝融合过程中的遗传

分别从对氰烯菌酯敏感和抗性禾谷镰刀菌菌株中诱导了22个和50个nit突变体。通过比较它们的生物学特性表明,nit突变体在菌丝生长速率、培养形状以及致病性方面与其亲本没有显著差异,但是无性繁殖和有性繁殖能力有所改变。同时实验还表明,禾谷镰刀菌对氰烯菌酯和氯酸盐不存在交互抗性,且对氰烯菌酯和氯酸盐的双重抗性能够稳定地遗传。因此,可以将nit作为一个优良的遗传标记研究禾谷镰刀菌对氰烯菌酯的抗药性遗传。另外成功运用nit作为分子标记研究了禾谷镰刀菌对氰烯菌酯的抗药性在菌丝融合过程中的遗传和变异。研究结果表明,抗药性基因不能通过菌丝融合传递给另一个菌株或发生的概率极低,这将不利于对氰烯菌酯的抗性群体的发展。因此,菌丝融合在禾谷镰孢菌对氰烯菌酯的抗药性群体发展中的作用较小。     

Vegetative compatibility and pathogenecity of Verticillium dahliae kleb. isolates from olive in Iran

Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae is a serious problem of olive trees leading to significant reduction in yield. Verticillium wilt of olive trees was first recorded in Iran 1996 and confirm as due to Verticillium dahliae Kleb. 101 isolates of V. dahliae from olive trees at deferent locations in north provinces of Iran were assigned to vegetative compatibility groups (VCGS), using nitrate non-utilizing (Nit) mutants. A higher frequency of nit 1/nit 3 mutants (93%) was obtained compared with NitM (7%) with 10% of the isolates being assigned to VCG1 and 51% VCG4B and 19% VCG2A. 20% of isolates could not be classified in standard isolates. The pathogenecity of 15 randomly selected isolates (5 of each VCG) was tested on olive seedling (cv. Zard) and eggplant. The VCGs isolates were similarly aggressive on olive. However, VCG1 isolates were more aggressive on eggplant cv. Local than the VCG2A and VCG4B isolates as indicated by a higher colonization index. The pathogenecity tests of the pathogen on test plants (cotton cv. 'sahel', eggplant cv. 'local' and tomato cv. 'ps') show all isolates category in 2 pathogenecity groups defoliate and non-defoliate (with severe and mild subgroups). The morphology of V. dahliae isolates on C'zapeck's agar and water agar medium were different especially for microsclerotia appearance time in culture and their morphology.     

Nitrate-nonutilizing mutants ofGibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum) and their use in determining vegetative compatibility

Twenty-four single-spore isolates ofFusarium graminearum were obtained from scabby wheat seeds or glumes collected from 23 locations in Kansas in 1990. All isolates were sexually fertile and homothallic. Nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants of each isolate were generated on a medium amended with 1.5% KCIO₃. Of 378 mutants, 161 were able to utilize nitrite and hypoxanthine (nit1), 165 utilized hypoxanthine but not nitrite (nit3), 47 utilized nitrite but not hypoxanthine (NitM), and 5 appeared to be global nitrogen regulatory mutants similar to the previously describednnu mutant. Complementation was tested by pairingnit1 mutants of each isolate with either a NitM or anit3 mutant from each isolate on media containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. Complementation was more pronounced whennit1 and NitM mutants were paired. Mutants were only able to complement with other mutants from the same wild-type isolate. Therefore, each wild-type isolate belonged to a genetically distinct vegetative compatibility group. The genetic diversity suggests that sexual genetic recombination may be important in the field.     

Nitrate reduction mutants of fusarium moniliforme (gibberella fujikuroi)

Twelve strains of Fusarium moniliforme were examined for their ability to sector spontaneously on toxic chlorate medium. All strains sectored frequently; 91% of over 1200 colonies examined formed chlorate-resistant, mutant sectors. Most of these mutants had lesions in the nitrate reduction pathway and were unable to utilize nitrate (nit mutants). nit mutations occurred in seven loci: a structural gene for nitrate reductase (nit1), a regulatory gene specific for the nitrate reduction pathway (nit3), and five genes controlling the production of a molybdenum-containing cofactor that is necessary for nitrate reductase activity (nit2, nit4, nit5, nit6, nit7). No mutations affecting nitrite reductase or a major nitrogen regulatory locus were found among over 1000 nit mutants. Mutations of nit1 were recovered most frequently (39-66%, depending on the strain) followed by nit3 mutations (23-42%). The frequency of isolation of each mutant type could be altered, however, by changing the source of nitrogen in the chlorate medium. We concluded that genetic control of nitrate reduction in F. moniliforme is similar to that in Aspergillus and Neurospora, but that the overall regulation of nitrogen metabolism may be different.