大麦浆片结构及其在开花过程中的变化

浆片由表皮、基本组织和维管束三部分组成。表皮上不具气孔,细胞外壁角质化。维管束为有限外韧型,呈散生状分布。浆片中管束数与其所含导管数因品种（系）而异,可育系多于不育系。大维管束由数个导管、筛管及伴胞和维管束薄壁细胞组成,且其维管束薄壁细胞壁厚、核大、质浓,线粒体丰富,中、小维管束一般不含导管。     

石蒜属12种植物叶片比较解剖学研究

对石蒜属（Lycoris Herb．）12种植物叶片的比较解剖学研究表明：（1）石蒜属植物叶片横切面的端部、中部及基部的轮廓基本呈浅“W”或“V”字型,有些种的表皮细胞上具有明显的尖刺状乳突;（2）石蒜属植物均为异面叶,叶肉组织有一定的栅栏组织和海绵组织分化,但二者的厚度、叶肉中所占比例及栅栏组织的细胞层数在种间有一定的差异;（3）海绵组织发达、具有大而明显的薄壁细胞或细胞裂溶后形成空腔（分泌腔或气腔）;（4）叶片中维管束数目大多为奇数,叶脉维管束鞘由薄壁细胞组成;（5）石蒜属植物横切面上叶缘的形状分为圆弧形和楔形两种类型。石蒜属植物叶的解剖结构具有许多相似特征;同时又具有一定的种间差异,可为石蒜属槽物的种间关系和开发利用提供有价值的信息。     

华北落叶松一年生茎的电子显微镜研究

运用透射电子显微镜技术研究华北落叶松一年生枝条组织细胞的超微结构。皮层及韧皮部由大量薄壁细胞及少量筛胞组成。薄壁细胞中的前质体有分裂行为,叶绿体中含有体积大的淀粉粒及明显的基粒片层结构;有“Ｖ”形线粒体琢链条状粗糙内质网,液泡多以次生溶酶体状态存在。     

贺兰山10种不同植物的旱生结构研究

对贺兰山10种不同生活型植物的形态解剖研究表明,长期生长在干旱贫瘠环境中植物,均形成适应生境的一些特殊形态结构．叶器官主要表现在：（1）叶表面积与体积之比缩小,表面覆有厚的角质膜,并被有表皮毛,气孔下陷,具孔下室;（2）栅栏薄壁组织细胞明显增多,海绵薄壁组织细胞减少．有叶肉不分化叶、等而叶和异而叶3种结构形式;（3）叶内贮水组织和机械组织增强。轴器官主要表现在：（1）根普遍形成周皮,且木栓层细胞层数增多;（2）机械组织非常发达,在周皮、皮层和韧皮部中有许多厚壁细胞分布。维管组织中的木薄壁细胞的细胞壁也明显木质化加厚;（3）有些植物的根具有异常维管组织。另外,这些植物根、茎、叶中均有粘液细胞和含晶细胞分布。这些结构具有重要的适应干旱生境的意义。     

寄生植物锁阳茎的发育解剖学研究

锁阳茎的初生分生组织由原表皮、基本分生组织以及在基本分生组织中呈波浪式环状排列的原形成层束组成。茎的增粗是由于呈波浪式环状排列的维管束,其“波浪”上下幅度逐渐增大,即从“浪”的基部到“浪”顶端维管束数目由4个逐渐增加到10－12个。维管束数目不断增加是由于：（1）由髓射线薄壁细胞反分化产生分生组织束,分生组织束活动产生新的维管束;（2）维管束中分化出一列或几列薄壁细胞,导致该维管束被分化出的薄壁细胞分成2－3个独立的维管束。     

萍乡显性雄性核不育水稻超微结构研究

利用电镜技术对萍乡显性核不育水稻可育株和不育株花粉形成及发育过程和药壁组织的基本结构及其发育进行了研究。导致了其不育花粉败育的主要原因有：（1）绒毡层细胞表现为延迟解体,乌氏体不能与小孢子细胞壁的形成,特别是纯合不育株绒毡层细胞存在乌氏体的异位分布;（2）药隔维管束异常,导致营养物质运输缺乏,薄壁细胞液泡化,排列紊乱,杂合不育株薄壁细胞互相融合,出现核转移的独特现象。     

盾叶薯蓣根状茎的发育解剖学和组织化学研究

盾叶薯蓣根状茎顶端的生长点由鳞片包被,其衍生细胞分化为原表皮、基本分生组织和散生的原形成层束,以后分化为表皮、基本组织和散生的维管束构成的初生结构。根状茎顶端下方的原表皮内存在初生增厚分生组织,其细胞不断向内分裂和其衍生细胞的体积增大使根状茎能够迅速增粗。分化完成的根状茎主要由周皮、基本组织和散生的维管束构成。周皮由木栓层、木栓形成层和栓内层组成;基本组织由薄壁细胞组成;维管束属于有限维管束。薯蓣皂甙主要存在于基本组织薄壁细胞中。原分生组织和原形成层不含薯蓣皂甙,维管束的木质部和韧皮部中的韧皮纤维也无薯蓣皂甙的分布,韧皮部的生活细胞和维管束鞘细胞有薯蓣皂甙的积累。近顶端的基本分生组织细胞内薯蓣皂甙不形成液滴,随着细胞分裂逐渐停止,细胞内开始形成含薯蓣皂甙的液滴,反映皂甙是在成熟细胞内积累。其中,有小型维管束分布的基本组织中薯蓣皂甙的积累与分布最丰富,两年生根状茎中薯蓣皂甙的含量比一年生的高。     

大豆种子吸胀冷害抗性与其质体膜脂不饱和度正相关

吸胀冷害是干种子在吸胀阶段遭受低温造成不萌发的现象,结果可能造成农作物损失严重。虽然吸胀过程中细胞膜的修复是关键事件,而且细胞膜在响应水分和温度胁迫中扮演重要角色,但是种子吸胀过程中膜变化的过程,特别是膜流动性变化过程研究较少。本文比较了吸胀冷害耐受型（LX）和敏感型（R5）两个大豆品种在吸胀冷害过程中膜脂不饱和度（double bond index, DBI）的变化,结果发现,LX和R5在常温（25℃）吸胀时变化趋势一致,质体膜脂DBI升高,质体外膜脂中磷脂酰甘油(phosphatidylglycerol, PG)分子DBI下降。LX和R5在低温（4℃）吸胀时DBI变化有很大差异,低温吸胀仅仅延缓了耐受型LX中质体膜脂DBI的升高,但是敏感性R5质体膜脂DBI不仅没有升高反而下降。用浓度33%的聚乙二醇 (polyethylene glycol, PEG)引发没有直接引起DBI变化,但是所引起的细微而显著的变化可能为萌发做好准备。PEG引发处理后的R5在吸胀冷害后第二和第三阶段质体膜脂DBI迅速增加,这个增加模式与LX的DBI增加相似。结果表明,吸胀冷害延缓或者阻滞了质体膜脂不饱和度的升高,大豆种子的吸胀冷害抗性与质体膜脂不饱和度正相关,提高质体膜质DBI可以提高吸胀冷害抗性。     

菖蒲营养器官的解剖结构特征及其生态适应性

采用石蜡切片法和组织离析法观察湿地植物菖蒲Acorus calamus营养器官的解剖结构特征,并探讨与菖蒲生态适应性的关系。结果表明,菖蒲根状茎具有不定根,不定根的表皮由一层细胞组成,排列紧密;皮层由多层薄壁细胞组成,薄壁细胞破裂形成多数的通气道;内皮层存在细胞壁马蹄形加厚的凯氏带,维管柱具5原型初生木质部,具4~10个大型导管,形成发达的通气组织。根状茎外层表皮细胞类方形,外壁增厚;基本组织近表皮有厚壁细胞团,皮层薄壁细胞呈链状排列,中间有较大的通气组织,内皮层形成凯氏带,有大量导管附着在凯氏带周围;维管束散生于基本组织,中柱维管束为周木型。根状茎部分区域存在与内生菌共生形成的结瘤。叶是等面叶,叶肉组织薄壁细胞破裂形成大的通气组织,叶脉具有限外韧维管束,中间有一较大的导管。菖蒲的解剖结构特点与其湿地生长环境相适应,根状茎存在结瘤状内共生菌,具有净化污水作用,不定根发达适于分株繁殖。     

六盘山鸡爪大黄葸醌类化合物积累特征的研究

采用多种组织化学方法研究了六盘山鸡爪大黄营养器官中蒽醌类化合物的积累特征。结果显示：蒽醌类化合物在根中分布于周皮的木栓层和栓内层、次生维管组织的维管射线和根中央的部分木薄壁细胞内,且维管射线是根中贮藏和积累蒽醌类化合物的主要组织;在根茎中分布于周皮的木栓层和栓内层、次生维管组织的形成层和维管射线,以及髓的异常维管束射线中,且维管射线是根茎中贮藏和积累蒽醌类化合物的主要组织;在茎中主要分布于表皮、近表皮皮层和维管束的维管束鞘及其薄壁细胞,大型和小型维管束之间和周围的部分薄壁细胞,以及髓射线中有不同程度的分布;在叶中主要积累在叶柄的表皮、叶柄和大叶脉的部分基本组织、维管束的部分薄壁细胞等部位。结果表明,六盘山鸡爪大黄的根和根茎是蒽醌类化合物贮藏和积累的主要器官,维管射线是其贮藏和积累的主要组织,而且各营养器官中蒽醌类化合物积累的数量与植物各相关器官组织的发育程度、细胞中含淀粉粒的多少存在着一定的相关性。     

Chromosome numbers of flowering plants from northern Norway and Svalbard

Chromosome numbers of 25 taxa of flowering plants from northern Norway and Svalbard are reported. Four species and one subspecies, Carex halophila F. Nyl. (2n = ca. 78), C. stenolepis Less. (2n = ca. 80), Salicorniapojarkovae N. Sem. (2n = 36), Alnus incano (L.) Moench ssp. kolaensis (Orlova) Love (2n = 28), and Saxifraga svalbardensis D. O. Øvstedal (2n = ca. 64), have not been studied karyologically before. Chromosome numbers of four additional species are reported for the first time from Norway; those of another six species for the first time from northern Norway. The hybrid Salix herbacea L. (2x) x 5. polaris Wahlenb. (6x) is proved tetraploid and may be fertile. A possible hybrid between Saxifraga hyperborea R. Br. and S. rivularis L. was revealed.     

水稻小穗轴维管系统网络结构探讨

对籼型、粳型或其不育系与保持系代表品种小穗解剖观察表明：水稻小穗轴维管系统网络由中央维管束和各分枝维管束复合而成。来自小穗柄的１条大的中央主束和几条边围维管束经数次分枝、联结,不断产生新的分枝维管束进入相应的结构。一般颖片中维管束１－２条,第一稃片中１－３条,第二稃片中１－４条,第二朵退化小花残余结构中０－３条,顶生可孕小花的外稃中５条,内稃中３条,浆片中各２条,雄蕊中各１条,雌蕊中３条,主束与支     

On the leafy nature of lodicules in the genus Triticum (Poaceae)

Lodicules are important organs creating the mating system in grasses, in a range between autogamy in clestogamous flowers and allogamy in chasmogamous flowers. This balance is the main factor determining variation patterns in plant populations. Recognition of variation in lodicule morphology is especially important in wheat, the main crop of the world. For this reason, a broad range of species of wheat was evaluated by means of characters showing the leafy nature of lodicules. The characters were studied under polarizing and epifluorescence microscopes. Development of lodicule stomata is different than that in leaves. Development of stomata and xylem, is distinctly correlated. Other short cells created by epidermal meristemoids are developmentally rather independent of both stomata and xylem. Interrelations between stomata, xylem and morphogenetic traits of the abaxial epidermis of the lodicule are illustrated by pictures and diagrams of numerical analyses, including a non‐metric multidimensional scaling method. Some unthreshable wheats, such as Triticum diccocum, T. ispahanicum and T. spelta, have more leafy lodicules, but intraspecific variation appears in the form of +leafy vs. ?leafy lodicules. Formation of leafy lodicule morphs does not depend on the ploidy level of wheat. An intraspecific mosaic of + or ?leafy lodicules proves a mutational origin of their leafy characters. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 164 , 303–316.     

K型温敏雄性不育系KTP116A育性转换规律的研究

基于两系杂交小麦系统的K型（Aegilops kotshyi）细胞质小麦温敏雄性不育系,在中国北方小麦正常生长季节表现完全雄性不育,可用于杂交小麦种子生产,在反季节播种表现育性部分恢复,是一类非常有利用价值的小麦温敏雄性不育系。本研究以小麦温敏雄性不育系KTP116A为材料,采用人工气候箱控温和涂抹法压片的方法对其育性转换的关键时期及败育的花粉发育过程进行更为精细的研究。研究发现,KTP116A可育环境下能正常进行减数分裂并发育为成熟花粉粒;不育环境下只有少数能经过第二次有丝分裂产生两个精细胞,大部分为二核期花粉粒、异常花粉粒和没有原生质体的空壳花药不开裂,自然条件下不散粉;KTP116A育性敏感期为两个时期,减数分裂期至单核早期和二核晚期至三核期,在自然条件下温度感应历期为10d左右;从小麦外部发育进程来看,抽穗前的2-8d和扬花前的3-5d为其敏感时期。这对于进一步研究败育的机理,分析败育的原因和更好的利用温敏不育系奠定基础。     

K型杂交小麦901及亲本花后茎叶组织结构特征研究

采用大田栽培的杂交小麦901及其父本恢复系R205,母本不育系K3314A和常规小麦陕229(对照)为试材,在花后15～20d内采样,用常规石蜡切片法和显微测量的方法,对旗叶、叶鞘、穗下第一节间及穗轴的维管束结构等进行了系统测定。结果表明,杂交小麦901及其亲本恢复系花后旗叶、鞘、茎节间、穗轴的维管束数目、横截面积均比对照陕229高,输导组织发达,物质运输能力强。这些特征可能是其穗大、小穗数多、颖花较多的结构基础。其同化产物滞留源端可能是其它原因所导致。而不育系的维管束数目少,横截面积小,可能与其不育特性有关。     

猕猴桃观花品种‘江山娇’与中华猕猴桃回交后代的性别分离与开花性状变异

以猕猴桃种间杂种品种‘江山娇’（Actinidia chinensis Planch×A.eriantha Benth）与中华猕猴桃（A.chinensis Planch）雄株杂交得到的杂交后代群体为实验材料,于2012、2013和2016年分别对该群体的雌雄性别比及其开花性状进行了调查。结果表明,杂交群体的雌雄性别比例小于1：1,即雄株偏多。杂交后代的花瓣颜色以红色为基础,但红色的分布区域、深浅及类型出现明显分离。聚类分析显示,这些杂交后代可通过花瓣CMYK色卡取值分为4个类群,其中猩红色与紫罗兰红色2个变异类型与观察表型完全一致。杂交后代群体的始花期、开花天数、花朵大小、开花量及单花花瓣数等性状均出现广泛分离,且因不同年份而出现变化。群体中杂交个体进入始花期的平均时间跨度为14 d,群体的始花期进入高峰时个体平均比例仅占群体的25.5%。2016年群体开花时间最长,最多有47.4%的个体开放10~13 d;2013年杂交群体的开放时间最短,有55.2%的后代开花3~5 d。本研究筛选出一批花瓣数多、花朵较大或单花序花朵较多的优良单株,并在后代群体中共发现21个含不同花数的花序组合类型。     

Discrete developmental roles for temperate cereal grass VERNALIZATION1/FRUITFULL-like genes in flowering competency and the transition to flowering

Members of the grass subfamily Pooideae are characterized by their adaptation to cool temperate climates. Vernalization is the process whereby flowering is accelerated in response to a prolonged period of cold. Winter cereals are tolerant of low temperatures and flower earlier with vernalization, whereas spring cultivars are intolerant of low temperatures and flower later with vernalization. In the pooid grasses wheat (Triticum monococcum, Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), vernalization responsiveness is determined by allelic variation at the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) and/or VRN2 loci. To determine whether VRN1, and its paralog FRUITFULL2 (FUL2), are involved in vernalization requirement across Pooideae, we determined expression profiles for multiple cultivars of oat (Avena sativa) and wheat with and without cold treatment. Our results demonstrate significant up-regulation of VRN1 expression in leaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization; no treatment effect was found for spring or facultative growth habit oat and wheat. Similar cold-dependent patterns of leaf expression were found for FUL2 in winter oat, but not winter wheat, suggesting a redundant qualitative role for these genes in the quantitative induction of flowering competency of oat. These and other data support the hypothesis that VRN1 is a common regulator of vernalization responsiveness within the crown pooids. Finally, we found that up-regulation of VRN1 in vegetative meristems of oat was significantly later than in leaves. This suggests distinct and conserved roles for temperate cereal grass VRN1/FUL-like genes, first, in systemic signaling to induce flowering competency, and second, in meristems to activate genes involved in the floral transition.     

Effect of End-of-day far-red light exposures on fertility alteration and flowering in photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile rice

The rice photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile mutant (PGMR) is sterile under long days, but fertile in short days. Phytochrome is involved in the photoperiod-induced male-sterile process. To investigate the mechanisms, of phytochrome action in PGMR, end-of-day (EOD) experiments were carried out. Flowering in PGMR was delayed considerably by EOD far-red light exposures following a short day of 10 hr, whereas its fertility decreased to the same extent as the original line. This result suggests that photoperiod response mediating fertility alteration in PGMR somewhat differed from that in flowering,i.e., fertility alteration and flowering might be under the separate phytochrome signaling control.     

Mapping genes affecting flowering time and frost resistance on chromosome 5B of wheat

Two populations of single chromosome recombinant lines were used to map genes controlling flowering time on chromosome 5B of wheat, and one of the populations was also used to map a new frost resistance gene. Genetic maps were developed, mainly using microsatellite markers, and QTL analysis was applied to phenotypic data on the performance of each population collected from growth-room tests of flowering time and frost tolerance. Using a recombinant substitution-line mapping population derived from a cross between the substitution-line 'Chinese Spring' ('Cheyenne' 5B) and 'Chinese Spring' (CS), the gene Vrn-B1, affecting vernalization response, an earliness per se locus, Eps-5BL1, and a gene, Fr-B1, affecting frost resistance, were mapped. Using a 'Hobbit Sib' ('Chinese Spring' 5BL) x 'Hobbit Sib' recombinant substitution line mapping population, an earliness per se locus, Eps-5BL2 was mapped. The Vrn-B1 locus was mapped on the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 5B, to a region syntenous with the segments of chromosomes 5A and 5D containing Vrn-A1 and Vrn-D1 loci, respectively. The two Eps-5BL loci were mapped close to the centromere with a 16-cM distance from each other, one in agreement with the position of a homoeologous locus previously mapped on chromosome 5H of barley, and suggested by the response of 'Chinese Spring' deletion lines. The Fr-B1 gene was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 5B, 40 cM from the centromeric marker. Previous comparative mapping data with rice chromosome 9 would suggest that this gene could be orthologous to the other Fr genes mapped previously by us on chromosomes 5A or 5D of wheat, although in a more proximal position. This study completes the mapping of these homoeoallelic series of vernalization requirement genes and frost resistance genes on the chromosomes of the homoeologous group 5 in wheat.