籼、粳杂种的“随体丢失”

1985—1986,观察籼、梗及籼、粳Fl杂种终变期核仁染色体数,籼为2个二价核仁染色体,粳为1个二价核仁染色体,籼、粳Fl杂种核仁染色体数与父本水稻的核仁染色体数相同。由此,讨论了“随体丢失”在水稻育种,粳稻起源及遗传学方而的意义。     

水稻籼粳杂种生殖障碍的基因定位分析

籼稻(Oryza sativa L.ssp.indica)与粳稻(O.sativa ssp.japonica)杂交优势明显但存在生殖隔离。生殖障碍主要表现为胚囊败育、花粉败育、开花时花药不开裂和雌雄异熟。应用具有137个标记位点的籼、粳杂交(“窄叶青8号”/“京系17”)F_1花药培养获得的127个双单倍体(DH)群体构建的RFLP图谱,对控制籼、粳杂种小穗败育的基因座位进行了定位研究。结果在第1、3、4、5、6、7、8、12染色体上检测到10个基因座位,其中第3、12染色体上的2个不育基因位点stj-3和stj-12与同一杂交组合F_2分离群体中发现的异常分离热点处于相同的染色体区段。Ssj-6的基因加性效应为负值,有增加籼、粳亲和性的作用;其余的不育基因座位皆有增加籼、粳杂种不育性的作用。     

水稻籼粳杂种F_1雌配子体败育的超微结构和酸性磷酸酶细胞化学研究(简报)

籼粳稻亚种间杂交是获得强优势种的有效途径之一。但主要存在如何克服杂种F_1结实率低的问题。影响F_1结实率的因素是很复杂的,部分胚囊败育而丧失授精能力是其中的主要原因。因此阐明籼粳杂种雌配子体败育的机理,成了当前籼粳亚种杂交优势利用研究的重要课题之一。目前对籼粳杂种雌配子体败育的细胞学研究特别是超微结构方面的研究不多。Oka和Doida观察到败育发生在大     

栽培稻杂种不育性的遗传研究——Ⅲ.不同类型品种F_1花粉不育性的等位基因分化

以台中65等基因F_1不育系为遗传测验种,测定了栽培稻(O.sativa)45个品种在3个F_1不育基因座的基因型和等位基因的分化度。在S-E3基因座上,除Dular带有S_i/S_i基因型外,其余被测品种均带有S_i/S_i基因型。在S-E2和S-E5基因座上,籼型品种带有高频率的S_i基因,而粳型品种带有高频率的S_i基因。S_i和S_i均具有不同的分化度。籼型品种携带的S_i基因和粳型品种携带的S_i基因具有较高的分化度。中间型品种和广亲和品种的等位基因分化在S-E2基因座上与粳型品种相似,而在S-E5基因座上与籼型品种相似。此外,分析了各类型品种相互杂交F_1杂种在S-E2和S-E5基因座的杂合率、杂合度和杂合性。与籼/粳杂种相比,中间型品种(包括广亲和品种)与籼型和粳型品种杂交,F_1杂种均具有较低的平均杂合性,从而表现出较高的亲和性。因此,无论是杂种不育性还是杂种亲和性均由花粉不育基因控制。花粉不育基因也称为特异亲和基因。     

八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦杂交后代的细胞遗传学研究

本研究以八倍体小偃麦小偃7430和普通小麦鲁麦1号为亲本,对其杂种的6个世代(F_1、F_2、F_3、B_1F_2、B_1F_3、B_2F_2)的细胞遗传学进行了研究。结果表明:从杂种F_1开始,随着自交和回交世代的增进,杂种后代植株染色体数逐渐减少;植株染色体数越多,减数分裂中期Ⅰ单价体出现频数、多价体出现类型及频数也越多,但二价体出现个数基本稳定在21左右。通过细胞学鉴定和性状观察,从小偃7430与鲁麦1号杂交的不同世代中选出了几个二体异附加株,有的农艺性状较好;还选出了农艺性状好,细胞学基本稳定的2n=42的株系,初步实现了将偃麦草的某些特异染色体或优良基因导入普通小麦遗传背景的目的。     

与水稻籼粳分化有关的穗颈维管束性状基因的分子标记定位

水稻穗颈维管束数及其与穗一次枝梗数之比（V／R）是与籼粳分化有关的重要性状,采用籼粳交（圭630／02428）杂种F1花药培养获得的DH群体,对水稻穗颈维管束数,穗一次枝梗数及V／R比进行了QTL分析,检测到3个控制穗颈维管束数的QTL;其中,效应最大的qVB-8的贡献率为31．1％,加性效应值为1．96％,增效等位基因来自灿稻亲本圭630,2个控制一次枝梗数的QTL效应较小,但分别与控制穗颈维管束数的2个QTL同位,检测到影响V／R比的3个QTL,其中,效应最大的qV/R-1的贡献率为25．3％,被定位于第1染色体上,与落粒性基因sh-2紧密连锁（亦或为一因多效）。此外,还检测到4对和2对分别控制穗颈维管束数和V／R比的互作QTL。结果分析表明,水稻穗颈维管束数与穗一次枝梗数受不同的多基因系统控制,但这2个多基因系统的某些位点在基因组中具有同位性;在第1染色体上,控制V／R比,且效应最大的qV/R-1所在的染色体区段在水稻籼粳分化过程中可能具有重要作用。     

水稻籼粳杂种雌性不育的细胞学初步观察(简报)

普通栽培稻籼粳亚种间杂种结实率低是开展亚种间杂交育种和杂种优势利用的主要障碍。这一障碍是杂种花粉和胚囊的不育性引起的。不育性曾经认为是两者染色体在结构上存在微小的差异所致,但F_1植株减数分     

普通小麦与华山新麦草的杂交

华山新麦草是分布在秦岭山脉华山段的1个特有种,经细胞学鉴定为二倍体种(2n=14)。利用普通小麦与之杂交并通过幼胚培养获得了杂种,杂交结实率为0.19%,幼胚培养出苗率为33.3%。杂种表现为双亲的中间型,杂种F_1体细胞染色体数为2n=28,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ每细胞平均0.99个二价体,26.01个单价体。杂种花粉粒败育,以小麦花粉与杂种回交时获得了种子,回交结实率为2.5%。回交一代体细胞染色体数为2n=49,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型多数为2Ⅲ 7Ⅰ。     

水稻花药培养力的遗传分析及基因定位

在栽培稻的籼粳亚种间,花药培养力存在显著差异,这一差异主要是由遗传因素引起的。以适合籼粳稻杂种花药培养的SK_3培养基,经花药培养获得了一个籼粳交F_1代的加倍单倍体(DH)群体,对该群体的110个株系用同一种培养基进行花药培养,利用该群体构建的分子图谱进行有关水稻花药培养力的数量性状基因座位(QTLs)的分析。结果表明,与水稻花药培养力有关的4个性状在DH群体中均表现为连续分布,愈伤组织诱导率与绿苗分化率之间不存在相关性,而绿苗产率与愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率均显著相关。在第6、7、8、10和12 5条染色体上分别检测到与愈伤组织诱导率有关的5个QTLs,其加性效应均为正。在第1和第9染色体上检测到与绿苗分化率有关的2个QTLs,这两个性状间的QTs不存在连锁。在第9染色体上有一个主效基因与白苗分化率有关,对绿苗产率则没有检测到特有的QTL。     

普通小麦×栽培大麦杂种植株及其回交后代的产生和鉴定

以小麦做母本与大麦杂交结实率仅0.77％。本试验通过幼胚培养获得了杂种植株,胚培出苗率37.14％。杂种植株在形态上与小麦相似,完全自交不育。F_1体细胞染色体数目为28,和预期结果一致。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ每个细胞平均二价体数为0.98,单价体数为26.04。用普通小麦做父本与杂种回交,回交结实率为0.26％。     

新型四倍体水稻创制及其杂种优势利用研究进展

新型四倍体水稻是本研究团队创制的一类高育性多倍体水稻新种质,携带有多种优异基因。该类材料与同源四倍体水稻杂交获得的杂种F₁产量优势明显,具有应用前景。本文首先概述了同源四倍体水稻的研究进展,并重点阐述了新型四倍体水稻创制过程、主要特点、杂种优势表现及其涉及的分子遗传机理,最后提出未来研究的思路及需要解决的问题,为加快新型四倍体水稻在多倍体水稻育种中的利用提供依据。     

Critical Yield Factors for Achieving High Grain Yield in Early-Season Rice Grown under Mechanical Transplanting Conditions

Double-season rice cropping systems occupy a large portion of the rice production area in southern China. Because the problem of insufficient labor, mechanical transplanting (in contrast to the manual transplanting) was become more attractive in double-season rice system. However, the decisive yield factors which resulting in high grain yield of early-season rice are unclear under mechanical-transplanted conditions. In present study, the field experiments were conducted in the early season in 2017 and repeated in 2018 in Santang Town, Hunan Province, China. Ten early season rice cultivars (Zhuliangyou 819, Lingliangyou 268, Lingliangyou 104, Luliangyou 996, Xiangzaoxian 24, Xiangzaoxian 32, Xiangzaoxian 45, Xiangzaoxian 42, Zhongjiazao 17, and Zhongzao 39) were used as materials in this study. The difference in grain yield and closelyrelated agronomic and physiological traits of ten tested cultivars were compared. The range of yields (t ha^–1 at 86% dry matter) in 2017 was 6.2 to 8.7 (mean 7.8) and in 2018 was 6.5 to 8.4 (mean 7.8). Grain weight and pre-heading biomass accumulation had potent significant positive correlations with the grain yield. The greater pre-heading biomass accumulation was major attributed to higher apparent radiation use efficiency. Our results suggested that early-season rice cultivars to achieve the high grain yield in mechanical-transplanted conditions depends on apparent radiation use efficiency in the pre-heading period and higher grain weight.     

Arsenic tolerance, uptake and translocation by seedlings of three rice cultivars

By simulating the anaerobic conditions with agar nutrient solutions, effect of arsenic (As) on the growth and As uptake by hybrid, conventional and glutinous rice cultivars were studied. It showed insignificant effect of As on the root dry weights of three rice cultivars when treated by As of different concentrations. The shoot dry weights of hybrid and glutinous decreased with As concentrations increasing, while low concentrations of As (0.5 mg L^?1) could enhance the growth of conventional rice. Generally, As concentrations in roots and shoots increased as As concentrations of treatment solutions increasing. The root system had strong ability to uptake and accumulate As. The root As concentrations ranged from 156 to 504 mg kg^?1, representing 63.40%–81.90% of the total As concentrations in rice, which were much higher than shoot As concentrations. The fact that the glutinous rice had higher biomass, higher tolerance, and lower As concentrations in its roots and shoots than the other two rice cultivars proved that the glutinous rice was more applicable to As-polluted soils.     

不同水稻品系幼苗对砷（As）的耐性、吸收及转运

利用琼脂培养基模拟水稻生长的厌氧环境,研究了As对不同水稻品系幼苗生长的影响以及As在其体内的积累及转运特性.结果表明,不同浓度(0～4.0mg/L)的As对供试水稻品系根部干物质积累无显著影响(P>0.05).杂交稻与糯稻的地上部干物质积累随基质中As浓度的增加呈减小趋势,但低剂量的As(0.5mg/L)促进常规稻的生长.水稻地上部的As积累量随基质中As浓度的升高总体均呈增加趋势.水稻根系对As具有较强的吸收与累积能力.水稻根部As的积累量为156.31～504 03mg/kg,占总As含量的63.40～81.90%,远远高于其地上部As的积累量.相比于其它两个品系,糯稻的生物量积累高,耐性指数较大,根部及地上部对As的积累量较低,因此更适合种植在As污染土壤.     

籼稻品种浙辐802抗瘟性遗传研究

通过与８个日本鉴别品种杂交和利用日本代表菌系研５４－０４及我国南方稻区菌系９５-ｈ接种鉴定,研究了籼稻品种浙辐８０２的抗性遗传。研究结果表明,该品种对菌系研５４-０４的抗性由 ２对显性基因控制,对菌系 ９５-ｔ２的抗性由 １对显性基因控制。基因等位性分析确认,浙辐８０２中抵抗９５－ｔ２的抗病基因与Ｐｉ－ｉ基因等位,与Ｐｉ－ａ、Ｐｉ－ｓｈ、Ｐｉ－ｋ、Ｐｉ－ｚ、Ｐｉ－ｂ、Ｐｉ－ｔ、Ｐｉ－ｔａ等已知基因位点为非等位关系;抵抗菌系研５４－０４,感染菌系９５-ｔ２的基因与Ｐｉ－ｉ、Ｐｉ－ｋ、Ｐｉ－ｂ、 Ｐｉ－ｔ ４个已知基因位点为非等位关系。对这个基因与其他已知基因的等位性进行了分析,认为它可能是１个未被命名的新基因。     

Cadmium,copper, and zinc levels in the rice and rice field soil of Houston,Texas

Fifty-one pairs of hulled rice samples and the soil from which each rice sample was grown were analyzed for heavy metals in August, 1979, in order to estimate the background contamination of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in rice grown in the Houston, Texas area. Both samples were divided into three groups by soil types and colors. The cadmium concentration in Texas rice was only one-half to one-quarter lower than that of Asian rice. However, the levels of Cu and Zn in rice in Texas were similar to those reported. Soil heavy metals were lower than ever reported, but these values were consistent with the geochemical characteristics of the Texas Houston area. No particular relationship was found between the three metals in rice and the metals in soil where the sampled rice was grown.     

Origin,dispersal, cultivation and variation of rice

There are two cultivated and twenty-one wild species of genus Oryza. O. sativa, the Asian cultivated rice is grown all over the world. The African cultivated rice, O. glaberrima is grown on a small scale in West Africa. The genus Oryza probably originated about 130 million years ago in Gondwanaland and different species got distributed into different continents with the breakup of Gondwanaland. The cultivated species originated from a common ancestor with AA genome. Perennial and annual ancestors of O. sativa are O. rufipogon and O. nivara and those of O. glaberrima are O. longistaminata/, O. breviligulata and O. glaberrima probably domesticated in Niger river delta. Varieties of O. sativa are classified into six groups on the basis of genetic affinity. Widely known indica rices correspond to group I and japonicas to group VI. The so called javanica rices also belong to group VI and are designated as tropical japonicas in contrast to temperate japonicas grown in temperate climate. Indica and japonica rices had a polyphyletic origin. Indicas were probably domesticated in the foothills of Himalayas in Eastern India and japonicas somewhere in South China. The indica rices dispersed throughout the tropics and subtropics from India. The japonica rices moved northward from South China and became the temperate ecotype. They also moved southward to Southeast Asia and from there to West Africa and Brazil and became tropical ecotype. Rice is now grown between 55°N and 36°S latitudes. It is grown under diverse growing conditions such as irrigated, rainfed lowland, rainfed upland and floodprone ecosystems. Human selection and adaptation to diverse environments has resulted in numerous cultivars. It is estimated that about 120000 varieties of rice exist in the world. After the establishment of International Rice Research Institute in 1960, rice varietal improvement was intensified and high yielding varieties were developed. These varieties are now planted to 70% of world's riceland. Rice production doubled between 1966 and 1990 due to large scale adoption of these improved varieties. Rice production must increase by 60% by 2025 to feed the additional rice consumers. New tools of molecular and cellular biology such as anther culture, molecular marker aided selection and genetic engineering will play increasing role in rice improvement.     

不同浓度Al3+胁迫对水稻根生长的影响

铝毒害是酸性土壤限制农作物产量的主要因素之一。本文以水稻为材料,探讨了不同浓度的AlCl3(0、50、100、150 mmol.L-1)胁迫处理对水稻幼苗根生长的影响。结果表明,随着Al3+浓度和胁迫时间的增加,水稻幼苗根的生长受到抑制,长度和鲜重都减小,根尖细胞死亡的程度增大,根中H2O2含量上升;与对照(未经DMTU预处理)相比,经dimethylthiourea(内源过氧化氢抑制剂)预处理的水稻幼苗在Al3+胁迫下根细胞死亡程度减小,H2O2含量降低,根的生长抑制得到缓解,表明内源H2O2的积累是造成Al3+对水稻幼苗根生长抑制的原因之一。     

栽培稻与4种野生稻的原生质体融合

野生稻具有许多优良性状,是水稻遗传改良的重要物质基础。为了探讨应用原生质体融合技术转移野生稻有利基因的途径,进行了栽培用与4种野生稻融合试验。总计6·28×107个野生稻原生质体与栽培稻原生质体进行了电激融合。获得了4364块愈伤组织,再生了490个植株。试验了Y射线处理野生稻原生质体的有效剂量和碘代乙酰胺抑制栽培稻原生质体生长的浓度。探讨了原生质体来源对融合效果的影响,讨论了融合亲和性问题。