新疆哈萨克族2型糖尿病患者粪便中韦荣球菌的分离鉴定

目的从新疆哈萨克族2型糖尿病患者粪便中分离培养并鉴定韦荣球菌。方法收集新鲜哈萨克族2型糖尿病患者的粪便样本,用韦荣球菌专属培养基进行分离培养,微量生化反应管进行初步鉴定;提取所得菌株的DNA,使用韦荣球菌属引物对此DNA进行特异性扩增,结合全自动细菌鉴定仪对菌株进行鉴定。结果 (1)所得到的菌株经微量生化反应管初步鉴定为韦荣球菌;(2)使用韦荣球菌属引物对此菌株DNA进行特异性扩增获得预期产物;(3)经全自动细菌鉴定仪最终确定所得菌株为韦荣球菌。结论从新疆哈萨克族2型糖尿病患者粪便中分离培养得到韦荣球菌。     

甘草酸调控AMPK/ACC/SREBP信号通路改善胰岛素抵抗的机制

为了观察甘草酸对胰岛素抵抗的作用,探究其可能的机制,将50只C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分成正常组、模型组、甘草酸高剂量组、甘草酸低剂量组和二甲双胍组,每组10只。除正常组外,其余小鼠采用长期高脂饮食法,复制胰岛素抵抗模型,并给予相应药物进行干预。采用全自动生化仪测定小鼠血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C);检测小鼠血糖和胰岛素的水平,观察其糖耐量和胰岛素耐量变化;Western blotting法检测肝脏腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)、磷酸化乙酰辅酸A羟化酶(ACC)和固醇调节元件结合蛋白(SREBP)的表达。结果表明:长期高脂饮食的小鼠TC、TG和LDL-C明显升高,空腹血糖、血清胰岛素水平均明显升高,糖耐量和胰岛素耐量出现异常,肝脏AMPK和ACC的磷酸化水平和SREBP表达下降,与正常组小鼠相比,具有极显著性差异(P0.01)。经药物干预后,甘草酸高、低剂量组和二甲双胍组小鼠体质量下降,TC、TG和LDL-C明显降低,空腹血糖和血清胰岛素降低,糖耐量和胰岛素耐量异常得到改善,AMPK和ACC的磷酸化水平和SREBP表达升高,与模型组小鼠相比,具有显著性差异(P0.01,P0.05)。因此,本研究表明:甘草酸能够改善长期高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗,其机制可能与其调节肝脏AMPK/ACC/SREBP通路有关。     

安徽部分湖泊养殖鱼类暴发性出血病的病原分离与鉴定

目的确定引起安徽省部分湖泊养殖鱼类暴发性出血病的病原,为防治该病提供理论依据。方法随机取濒死期鲫鱼和白鲢的肌肉组织分别进行细菌和病毒分离培养,联合采用细菌表型鉴定法和16S rRNA基因序列分析法鉴定分离菌株,并使用分离菌株进行人工感染实验。结果从5尾患病鱼的肌肉组织中分离获得5株细菌,综合分离菌株的形态特征、理化特性和16S rRNA基因序列与系统发育学分析的结果,确定L1菌株为温和气单胞菌、L2菌株为维氏气单胞菌、J1、J2和L3菌株为嗜水气单胞菌。人工感染实验表明这5个气单胞菌分离株均具有较强的致病性。结论气单胞菌是该次鱼类暴发性出血病的病原,水温剧变、水质恶化和缺氧是疾病暴发的诱因,应采取改善环境、加强饲养管理、提高鱼体抵抗病力和及时杀灭病原体的综合措施防控该病。     

新疆药桑桑叶对2-型糖尿病小鼠血糖和脂质代谢的影响北大核心CSCD

分析新疆药桑桑叶水提物和生物碱浸膏对试验性2-型糖尿病小鼠血糖和脂质代谢的影响。采用高脂高糖饲料加链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病小鼠模型,根据体质量、血糖水平将小鼠随机分为9组:即对照组、模型组、罗格列酮(阳性药物)组、桑叶水提物高(AE-HD)、中(AE-MD)、低(AE-LD)剂量组和生物碱浸膏高(TA-HD)、中(TA-MD)、低(TA-LD)剂量组,每组10只。连续灌胃给药30 d,观察小鼠血糖、血脂、胰岛素水平、糖耐量及氧化应激指标的变化。与模型组相比,桑叶水提物组和生物碱浸膏组均能够显著降低糖尿病小鼠的空腹血糖(P<0.05,P<0.01),显著提高血清胰岛素水平(P<0.01),而且显著降低2-型糖尿病小鼠的LDL和TG,增加对胰岛素的敏感性(P<0.01),使小鼠血清SOD活力显著升高(P<0.01),MDA水平明显下降;糖耐量试验中,桑叶水提物组和生物碱浸膏组在0.5 h、1 h和2 h测得的血糖值与模型组相比均呈现极显著性差异(P<0.01)。表明新疆药桑桑叶水提物和生物碱浸膏均具有一定的降血糖作用,且桑叶水提物优于生物碱浸膏,同时能有效改善糖尿病小鼠脂质代谢紊乱,增强活性氧清除能力,并提高糖尿病小鼠糖耐量。     

新疆药桑桑叶对2-型糖尿病小鼠血糖和脂质代谢的影响

分析新疆药桑桑叶水提物和生物碱浸膏对试验性2-型糖尿病小鼠血糖和脂质代谢的影响。采用高脂高糖饲料加链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病小鼠模型,根据体质量、血糖水平将小鼠随机分为9组:即对照组、模型组、罗格列酮(阳性药物)组、桑叶水提物高(AE-HD)、中(AE-MD)、低(AE-LD)剂量组和生物碱浸膏高(TA-HD)、中(TA-MD)、低(TA-LD)剂量组,每组10只。连续灌胃给药30 d,观察小鼠血糖、血脂、胰岛素水平、糖耐量及氧化应激指标的变化。与模型组相比,桑叶水提物组和生物碱浸膏组均能够显著降低糖尿病小鼠的空腹血糖(P0.05,P0.01),显著提高血清胰岛素水平(P0.01),而且显著降低2-型糖尿病小鼠的LDL和TG,增加对胰岛素的敏感性(P0.01),使小鼠血清SOD活力显著升高(P0.01),MDA水平明显下降;糖耐量试验中,桑叶水提物组和生物碱浸膏组在0.5 h、1 h和2 h测得的血糖值与模型组相比均呈现极显著性差异(P0.01)。表明新疆药桑桑叶水提物和生物碱浸膏均具有一定的降血糖作用,且桑叶水提物优于生物碱浸膏,同时能有效改善糖尿病小鼠脂质代谢紊乱,增强活性氧清除能力,并提高糖尿病小鼠糖耐量。     

新型基因重组PACAP衍生物MPL-2的制备及其抗2型糖尿病作用研究

利用基因工程技术高效制备具有治疗2型糖尿病功能的垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽(PACAP)衍生物MPL-2,并以2型糖尿病小鼠(db/db小鼠)为模型在体内研究其抗2型糖尿病的生物学作用。实验结果表明:利用基因工程技术制备的PACAP27衍生多肽MPL-2的分子质量为3 902Da.,纯度达97%,其产率可达29.3mg/L发酵产物;在以db/db小鼠为模型的体内葡萄糖耐量实验中,MPL-2可有效促进小鼠胰岛素第一时相(5~15min)分泌,显著提高小鼠的葡萄糖耐受能力。在MPL-2的长效药效学实验中,经过8周连续用药治疗后,MPL-2可显著提高db/db小鼠的胰岛素敏感性,胰岛素耐量实验60min时MPL-2可将小鼠血糖降至初始值的63.52%;同时,在8周连续用药治疗过程中,与生理盐水(NS)处理组相比,MPL-2可有效降低db/db小鼠的体重、空腹血糖、饮食量、饮水量,分别低于NS组21.98%、21.46%、22.20%、60.07%,而且可显著改善db/db小鼠的血脂常数,生物学作用显著优于多肽BAY55-9837。建立了新型基因重组PACAP27衍生多肽MPL-2的高效制备技术,重组多肽MPL-2可有效改善2型糖尿病db/db小鼠的葡萄糖耐量、胰岛素敏感性、血脂常数,显著降低db/db小鼠的体重、空腹血糖、饮食和饮水量,从而发挥治疗2型糖尿病的生物学作用,可为MPL-2的药用研发提供实验数据。     

青海湖斑头雁粪便细菌分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为了解斑头雁(Anser indicus)粪便中携带细菌多样性及其耐药情况,对青海湖斑头雁粪便细菌进行分离培养、生化鉴定、16S r RNA基因PCR扩增和序列分析,并进行细菌耐药性试验。结果显示:从30份斑头雁粪便中共分离到123株细菌,可分为10类细菌,分别从每类细菌中挑出一株代表性菌株进行鉴定,鉴定结果显示这10株细菌分别为大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)、水生拉恩氏菌(Rahnella aquatilis)、蒙氏肠球菌(Enterococcus mundtii)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sublitis)、柠檬节杆菌(Arthrobacter citreus)、腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella pulrefaciens)、河生肠杆菌(Enterobacter amnigenus)、成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans)、杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salmonicida)和产酸克雷伯菌(Klebsiella oxytoca)。选取氨苄西林、哌拉西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢唑林、头孢他啶、氨曲南、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、阿米卡星、四环素、氯霉素、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星药敏纸片,对分离菌株进行耐药性分析,发现水生拉恩菌、杀鲑气单胞菌和成团泛菌表现为多重耐药性;其他细菌对氨苄西林和四环素有一定的耐药性,对其余受试药物都有不同程度的敏感性。野鸟携带耐药性的条件致病菌,可能会对野生动物健康造成威胁,本研究对斑头雁粪便中携带的条件致病菌及其耐药性进行探究,以期为野鸟携带细菌的耐药机制提供研究理论依据,同时也对野生动物疫病的监测与防控有重要意义。     

多形拟杆菌对糖尿病模型小鼠的影响

目的研究多形拟杆菌(BT)干预糖尿病模型小鼠后对血糖、体重和C肽的影响。方法 (1)用四氧嘧啶(200 mg/kg腹腔注射)制备糖尿病模型小鼠,并分成四组:空白组(n=10)、空白给菌组(n=10)、四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型组(n=11)和模型给菌组(n=11),15 d。(2)BHI血琼脂培养基培养ATCC 29148标准菌株,比浊法测定混悬菌液数量。(3)用多形拟杆菌菌液干预空白给菌组和模型给菌组小鼠,观察15 d中四组小鼠的体重、空腹血糖水平的变化;实时荧光定量PCR测定小鼠肠道内多形拟杆菌的数量;运用酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定血清中C肽的水平。结果 (1)给予菌悬液后,空白给菌组与空白组相比,BT在第3天就可以定植并维持到第15天。与模型组相比,模型给菌组在第15天时可以定植;(2)线性回归相关性分析显示,肠道内多形拟杆菌与体重呈负性相关(r=-0.70,P0.05);与空腹血糖(FPG)呈正性相关(r=0.71,P0.05);与C肽呈负性相关(r=-0.62,P0.05);与胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)呈正性相关(r=0.55,P0.05);与胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-IS)呈负性相关(r=-0.43,P0.05)。结论 (1)外源性灌胃给予多形拟杆菌可以在肠道内定植。(2)肠道内多形拟杆菌的数量变化与糖尿病有相关性。     

长江江豚杀鲑气单胞菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

本文通过细菌的分离培养,首次从临床症状表现为溃疡、腐烂的患病江豚表皮分离到一株杀鲑气单胞菌XJ-JT株。通过细菌理化性质鉴定、遗传进化分析、药敏试验、致病性试验对其生物学特性进行分析,结果表明：菌株XJ-JT为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,两端钝圆,无芽孢;细菌分离鉴定的结果显示分离菌株为杀鲑气单胞菌;系统进化分析揭示其基因序列与银鲫源性杀鲑气单胞菌分离株高度同源;20种抗生素的药敏试验结果表明分离菌株对阿米卡星、克拉霉素、克林霉素等8种药物敏感,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、卡那霉素中介,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、四环素等9种药物耐药;人工感染试验,结果显示分离菌对鲫鱼有较强的致病性。     

长江江豚杀鲑气单胞菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

本文通过细菌的分离培养,首次从临床症状表现为溃疡、腐烂的患病江豚表皮分离到一株杀鲑气单胞菌XJ-JT株。通过细菌理化性质鉴定、遗传进化分析、药敏试验、致病性试验对其生物学特性进行分析,结果表明：菌株XJ-JT为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,两端钝圆,无芽孢;细菌分离鉴定的结果显示分离菌株为杀鲑气单胞菌;系统进化分析揭示其基因序列与银鲫源性杀鲑气单胞菌分离株高度同源;20种抗生素的药敏试验结果表明分离菌株对阿米卡星、克拉霉素、克林霉素等8种药物敏感,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、卡那霉素中介,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、四环素等9种药物耐药;人工感染试验,结果显示分离菌对鲫鱼有较强的致病性。     

Effect of maternal obesity on diabetes development in adult rat offspring

This study aimed to evaluate whether maternal obesity leads to the onset of diabetes in adult Wistar rats offspring. MSG solution neonatally administration induced obesity in rats (F(1)MSG group, n=30); and saline solution was also administrated to control rats (F(1)CON group, n=13). In 3rd month of age, both control and MSG groups were mated for offspring (generation F(2)), named as F(2)CON, n=28 and F(2)MSG groups, n=15; and so both generations were studied until 7th month of life. Lee Index was measured for experimental obesity validation from 5th to 7th month. Glycemia was weekly determined during pregnancy and monthly from 3rd to 7th month. In the end of experimental period all rats were submitted to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), with estimation of total area under the curve (AUC); and insulin tolerance test (ITT). Rats were then anesthetized and killed. Data were statistically analyzed with significance level of p<0.05. Lee Index has confirmed obesity in all MSG rats. Glycemic levels comparisons between generations showed significant maternal interference in control and MSG groups. OGTT analysis showed higher glycemia in obese rats (F(1)MSG) and their offspring (F(2)MSG) as compared to their respective controls; and MSG groups increased AUC from OGTT. As regards ITT, F(2)MSG showed higher glycemia at 30 and 120 min, suggesting a delay of insulin action decreasing. Although glucose intolerance and insulin resistance clinical conditions represent as a factors for type 2 Diabetes mellitus development, this experimental model proposal was not efficient to induce type 2 Diabetes mellitus, but for obesity developing, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in successive generations of rats.     

Anti-diabetic effects of globin digest and its active ingredient Leu-Ser-Glu-Leu in ICR mice,streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and KK-Ay mice

AimsLeu-Ser-Glu-Leu (LSEL) is the main active ingredient of globin digest (GD) that has an anti-diabetic effect. Here, we investigated the anti-diabetic effect of LSEL for the first time.Main methodsThe anti-diabetic effects of GD and LSEL in ICR mice, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and KK-Ay mice were examined.Key findingsGD and LSEL suppressed the elevation of blood glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in ICR mice, STZ-induced diabetic mice and KK-Ay mice as well as in an oral sucrose tolerance test in ICR mice and in an insulin tolerance test (ITT) in KK-Ay mice. GD and LSEL decreased the blood glucose levels in the basal state in STZ-induced diabetic mice and KK-Ay mice. Furthermore, GD and LSEL elevated the serum insulin levels in an OGTT in ICR mice and KK-Ay mice and promoted the use of insulin in an ITT in KK-Ay mice. GD and LSEL increased the translocation or expression of the glucose transporter 4 in the muscle of ICR mice, STZ-induced diabetic mice and KK-Ay mice and increased the expression of the uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in the muscle of ICR mice.SignificanceThese results indicate that GD and LSEL control blood glucose through the promotion of glucose uptake in the muscle of the mice. The acceleration of glucose uptake by GD and LSEL may be controlled by the promotion of insulin secretion and the up-regulation of UCP2 expression. GD and LSEL seem to be useful for lowering the incidence of hyperglycemia.     

姜黄素对db/db小鼠基因组DNA甲基化的影响

目的:观察姜黄素对2型糖尿病模型db/db小鼠糖尿病症状的改善作用,并从表观遗传角度分析其对小鼠外周血DNA甲基化水平的影响。方法:2型糖尿病模型db/db小鼠随机分为糖尿病组和姜黄素干预组(给予250 mg/kg姜黄素溶液),连续灌胃8周。OGTT检测葡萄糖耐量,ELISA法测定空腹胰岛素并计算HOMA-IR和HOMA-β,RRBS技术检测外周血基因组DNA甲基化水平。结果:与糖尿病组相比,姜黄素干预小鼠的血糖、空腹胰岛素和HOMA-IR显著降低,葡萄糖耐量显著改善(P<0.05);且小鼠外周血基因组启动子区、CGI岸和5’-非编码区CpG甲基化水平显著降低(P<0.05);对两组间差异甲基化基因进行功能富集分析,筛选出前10位显著富集的可能与2型糖尿病相关的差异基因包括Hdac7、Micall1、Vangl2、Dhcr24、Kcnj8、Gnas、Tcf7l2、Dgkh、Dlgap1和Plekhg4。结论:姜黄素能够改善db/db小鼠的葡萄糖耐量及胰岛素抵抗,并且其外周血中存在显著低甲基化改变,提示姜黄素可能是通过抑制糖尿病小鼠中某些基因的异常甲基化修饰而发挥抗糖尿病作用。     

The effect of oral glucose tolerance testing on changes in arterial stiffness and blood pressure in elderly women with hypertension and relationships between the stage of diabetes and physical fitness levels

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to assess changes in blood glucose level, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness after a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in elderly women aged over 65 years with hypertension and either normal glycemic control, impaired fasting glucose tolerance, or diabetes mellitus. We also wished to investigate the relationship between stages of diabetes and physical fitness.[Methods] A total of 24 elderly women with hypertension were assigned to a control group (CON; n=7), impaired fasting glucose group (IFG; n=9), and diabetes mellitus group (DM; n=8). In each group, blood glucose level, brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV), and blood pressure were measured at baseline as well as 60 and 120 minutes after a 75 g OGTT. Physical fitness factors such as hand grip strength, balance test, 4 m gait speed test, chair stand test, short physical performance battery, and 6-minute walking test were subsequently assessed.[Results] In all three groups, blood glucose levels were significantly increased at 60 and 120 minutes after a 75 g OGTT. In the DM group, blood glucose levels were significantly higher before and after a 75 g OGTT than in the CON group. In the CON group, PWV was significantly increased at 60 minutes after a 75 g OGTT; however, there were no changes in other groups after glucose ingestion. In the CON group, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly decreased at 60 and 120 minutes after a 75 g OGTT compared to baseline. However, there was no change in blood pressure after ingestion in the DM group. The IFG group had greater grip strength than the CON group; however, there were no differences in other variables between the groups.[Conclusion] After a 75 g OGTT, elderly women with hypertension and diabetes maintain higher blood glucose levels compared to those with hypertension alone. Unlike elderly women with hypertension alone, those with hypertension and diabetes did not show changes in arterial stiffness and blood pressure after a 75 g OGTT. Therefore, elderly women with hypertension and diabetes may not be able to control their blood vessels following a 75 g OGTT due to impaired vascular endothelial function. Moreover, there was no association between diabetes stage and physical fitness in elderly women with hypertension.     

诱发性2型糖尿病小鼠模型与自发性db/db小鼠特性的比较

目的建立诱发性2型糖尿病小鼠模型,并将其与自发性2型糖尿病小鼠db/db进行比较分析。客观评价两种2型糖尿病小鼠模型,为糖尿病研究中动物模型的选择与实际应用提供实验依据。方法高脂饲料喂养C57BL/6J小鼠4周,腹腔连续3次注射STZ,建立诱发性2型糖尿病小鼠模型。感染后4周,大体肉眼观察小鼠的肝脏、肾脏,测定糖耐量,血清生化指标及血清细胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-17、IL-10表达量,将其与同龄的自发性2型糖尿病小鼠db/db进行比较分析。结果肉眼观察发现,两组模型小鼠的肝脏、肾脏与对照组均具有明显差异。糖耐量分析中,两组模型小鼠与对照组小鼠各时间点的血糖值均具有统计学差异（P〈0.05）,耐糖功能低下,两组模型小鼠间血糖值无统计学差异。血液生化指标中,与对照组小鼠相比,两组模型小鼠GLU、CHOL、LDLC明显升高（P〈0.05）;两组模型小鼠相互比较,诱发性2型糖尿病小鼠血脂水平较高（P〈0.05）。免疫指标比较显示：除IL-2外,两组模型小鼠血清中细胞因子水平均较对照组小鼠明显升高（P〈0.05）,而db/db小鼠血清中细胞因子表达较诱发性糖尿病小鼠高,其中IL-6、IFN-γ、TNF-α具有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论两组2型糖尿病模型小鼠均在一定程度上模拟了人类糖尿病患者症状,但由于糖尿病产生的原因不同而存在着一定的差异,研究者可根据实际需要参照相关数据进行选择。     

二甲双胍和西格列汀对胰岛素抵抗糖尿病前期KKAy小鼠胰岛β细胞功能的影响*

目的:探讨二甲双胍和西格列汀对胰岛素抵抗糖尿病前期KKAy小鼠胰岛β细胞功能的影响及其机制。方法:将30只6周龄KKAy小鼠随机分为普通饲料喂养组(C组,n=10)及高脂饲料喂养组(n=20),8周龄时将高脂饮食喂养的KKAy小鼠随机分为两组:二甲双胍干预组(Met组,n=10)和西格列汀干预组(SP组,n=10),持续灌胃8周。用口服糖耐量实验(OGTT)检测葡萄糖水平。检测空腹血清胰岛素及血浆脂质水平,计算胰岛素释放指数(HOMA-β)及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。留取KKAy小鼠胰腺,连续切片分别胰岛素、胰高血糖素免疫荧光染色,ki67/INS双标记分析β细胞增殖情况、凋亡情况。Western blot方法测定胰腺转录因子PDX-1和MafA蛋白表达情况。结果:① OGTT结果提示,与C组比较,Met和SP组KKAy小鼠的空腹血糖、口服葡萄糖后30、60及120 min的血糖均显著降低(P均＜0.01),血糖时间曲线下面积(AUC)显著降低(P＜0.01,P＜0.01)。与Met组比较,SP组口服葡萄糖后30及60 min的血糖无明显统计学差异,120 min的血糖显著降低(P＜0.05),两组AUC无统计学差异。② 胰岛素耐量试验(ITT)结果提示,与C比较,Met和SP组KKAy小鼠的空腹血糖、注射胰岛素后30、60及90 min的血糖显著减低,ITT血糖曲线下面积(AUC)显著升高(P＜0.01),而Met和SP组之间比较无明显统计学差异。③ C组胰岛中β细胞区域亮度较低,边缘散乱,给予二甲双胍后,β细胞区域及亮度有所增加;给予西格列汀治疗后,β细胞区域及亮度显著增加。C组胰岛中,α细胞在胰岛中分布无序,亮度较大。给予二甲双胍后,α细胞区域有所减少,亮度有所降低,一定程度向胰岛边缘的分布;给予西格列汀后,α细胞区域明显减少,亮度显著降低,在胰岛边缘分布。④ 与C组比较,Met组和SP组胰腺MafA表达水平明显升高,分别为1.63倍,1.58倍(P＜0.01,P＜0.01)。各组间胰腺PDX-1表达情况无显著差异。结论:对胰岛素抵抗糖尿病前期KKAy小鼠,给予二甲双胍可以维持胰岛的功能和形态,给与西格列汀可能促进β细胞增殖,提高胰岛素转录因子MafA的表达水平,防止糖尿病的发生发展。     

Enhanced insulin secretion and sensitization in diabetic mice on chronic treatment with a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 antagonist

AimsInhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) suppresses calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) secretion in pancreatic nerve fiber cells, thereby stimulating insulin secretion. We examined the effects of repeat administration of the TRPV1 antagonist N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamidte monohydrochloride (BCTC) to ob/ob mice, a model of type 2 diabetes with insulin resistance, on whole body glucose and lipid metabolism.Main methodsWe measured blood parameters, including levels of glucose, insulin, and triglycerides, and performed the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after repeat administration of BCTC to ob/ob mice twice a day for four weeks.Key findingsWe found that BCTC treatment reduced fasting glucose, triglyceride, and insulin levels in the whole body. The effects were comparable to that of pioglitazone, a major insulin-sensitizing agent. Further, we found that administration of BCTC significantly increased plasma insulin secretion in the OGTT, which differed from the effect of pioglitazone treatment.SignificanceOur study is the first to show the anti-diabetic pharmacological effects of the TRPV1 signal inhibitor BCTC. These findings suggest that TRPV1 antagonists may represent a new class of drugs effective in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus because of their dual effects as insulin sensitizers and secretagogues.     

Characterization of Pancreatic Islets in Two Selectively Bred Mouse Lines with Different Susceptibilities to High-Fat Diet-Induced Glucose Intolerance

Hereditary predisposition to diet-induced type 2 diabetes has not yet been fully elucidated. We recently established 2 mouse lines with different susceptibilities (resistant and prone) to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced glucose intolerance by selective breeding (designated selectively bred diet-induced glucose intolerance-resistant [SDG-R] and -prone [SDG-P], respectively). To investigate the predisposition to HFD-induced glucose intolerance in pancreatic islets, we examined the islet morphological features and functions in these novel mouse lines. Male SDG-P and SDG-R mice were fed a HFD for 5 weeks. Before and after HFD feeding, glucose tolerance was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Morphometry and functional analyses of the pancreatic islets were also performed before and after the feeding period. Before HFD feeding, SDG-P mice showed modestly higher postchallenge blood glucose levels and lower insulin increments in OGTT than SDG-R mice. Although SDG-P mice showed greater β cell proliferation than SDG-R mice under HFD feeding, SDG-P mice developed overt glucose intolerance, whereas SDG-R mice maintained normal glucose tolerance. Regardless of whether it was before or after HFD feeding, the isolated islets from SDG-P mice showed impaired glucose- and KCl-stimulated insulin secretion relative to those from SDG-R mice; accordingly, the expression levels of the insulin secretion-related genes in SDG-P islets were significantly lower than those in SDG-R islets. These findings suggest that the innate predispositions in pancreatic islets may determine the susceptibility to diet-induced diabetes. SDG-R and SDG-P mice may therefore be useful polygenic animal models to study the gene–environment interactions in the development of type 2 diabetes.     

Ontogenetic characteristics of enzyme activities and plasma metabolites in C57BL/6J:Jcl mice deficient in insulin receptor substrate 2

We have established an inbred line of mice deficient in insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) on a C57BL/6J Jcl genetic background (B6J-IRS2(-/-) mice) as an animal model for typical type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We investigated the effect of age and sex on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance and on the activities of enzymes related to lipid metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscle of B6J-IRS2( -/-) mice. Glucose tolerance tests (GTT), insulin tolerance tests (ITT), and sampling for chemical analysis were performed at ages of 6,14, and 24 wk. GTT showed that both genders of B6J-IRs2(-/-) mice had impaired glucose tolerance at the ages of 6 and 14 wk, whereas 24-wk-old female B6J-IRs2(-/-) mice showed glucose tolerance almost comparable to that of wild-type mice; 24-wk-old male B6J-IRs2(-/-) mice still showed impaired glucose tolerance. ITT revealed that both male and female B6J-IRS2(-/-) mice remained insulin-resistant at all time points. Hepatic lipogenetic enzyme activities were higher in B6J-IRS2(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice at 6, 14 and 24 wk of age. In addition, plasma glucose, triglyceride, free fatty acid, total cholesterol, and insulin concentrations in B6J-IRS2(-/-) mice were significantly higher than those in wild-type mice at most time points; plasma triglycerides in 14-wk-old B6J-IRS2(-/-) mice were lower than those of wild-type mice. These findings suggest that young B6J-IRS2(-/-) mice are useful as type 2 DM models.     

Antepartum glucose tolerance test results as predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

Background: Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Objective: We reviewed prospective studies of antepartum glucose tolerance test results as risk factors for development of T2DM among women with a history of GDM.Methods: We searched 4 electronic databases and hand-searched 13 journals for literature published through January 2007. The search strategy consisted of medical subject headings and text words for GDM, T2DM, and other relevant terms. Articles were excluded for the following reasons: (1) not written in English; (2) no human data; (3) no original data; (4) <90% of sample was diagnosed with GDM without a separate analysis for women with GDM; (5) case report or series; (6) diagnosis of GDM not based on 3-hour 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or 2-hour 75-g OGTT; (7) T2DM not evaluated as outcome; (8) no relative measure of association or incidence reported; or (9) design did not address antepartum OGTT as a predictor of T2DM. Two investigators independently reviewed citations, performed serial data abstraction on full articles, and assessed the quality of each article. Data were abstracted for study participants and characteristics, T2DM diagnosis, length of follow-up, regression model covariates, and measures of association and variability.Results: Of 11,400 unique citations, we identified 11 articles that evaluated antepartum glucose testing and risk of T2DM in women with a history of GDM. Five studies found that the fasting blood glucose (FBG) on the antepartum diagnostic OGTT was a significant predictor of T2DM (odds ratio [OR] range: 11.1–21.0; relative risk [RR] range: 1.37–1.5; relative hazard [RH] = 2.47). Risk of incident T2DM was predicted by the antepartum 2-hour OGTT plasma glucose in 3 studies (OR range: 1.02–1.03; RR = 1.3) and by the antepartum OGTT glucose AUC in 3 other studies (OR range: 3.64–15; RH = 2.13). Overall, study quality was limited by high losses to follow-up (>20% in 6 studies) and short duration. Few studies adjusted for adiposity, an established diabetes risk factor.Conclusion: FBG, OGTT 2-hour blood glucose, and OGTT glucose AUC appeared to be strong and consistent predictors of subsequent T2DM among women who met diagnostic criteria for GDM using the OGTT.