木本植物营养贮藏蛋白质研究进展

本文根据最新的国内外研究资料对木本植物营养贮藏蛋白质的分类,定位,生化牧场生和生理功能等方面进行了全面的综述,着重论述了林木营养贮藏蛋白南的合成,转移,降解机理及其因表达与调控等方面的最新研究进展,对有待进一步研究的领域也进行了分析和讨论。     

PENG Fang-Ren银杏营养贮藏蛋白质的亚细胞定位(英文)

在电子显微镜下,对银杏(GinkgobilobaL.)枝条营养贮藏蛋白质的超微结构特征及在亚细胞水平的定位进行了系统研究。结果表明:银杏营养贮藏蛋白质主要存在于韧皮薄壁细胞的液泡内。银杏韧皮薄壁细胞内的营养贮藏蛋白质在细胞质内合成,由内质网膨大的槽库、质膜内折或高尔基体小泡发育形成贮藏蛋白质的液泡。液泡蛋白质主要以不定形块状、絮状或颗粒状形态存在。贮藏蛋白质在整个越冬期一直保持高含量,直到翌年春季萌芽时,贮藏蛋白质迅速转移再利用。随着新梢的生长,到了夏末秋初,又重新开始积累贮藏蛋白质。     

银杏营养贮藏蛋白质的亚细胞定位

在电子显微镜下,对银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)枝条营养贮藏蛋白质的超微结构特征及在亚细胞水平的定位进行了系统研究.结果表明:银杏营养贮藏蛋白质主要存在于韧皮薄壁细胞的液泡内.银杏韧皮薄壁细胞内的营养贮藏蛋白质在细胞质内合成,由内质网膨大的槽库、质膜内折或高尔基体小泡发育形成贮藏蛋白质的液泡.液泡蛋白质主要以不定形块状、絮状或颗粒状形态存在.贮藏蛋白质在整个越冬期一直保持高含量,直到翌年春季萌芽时,贮藏蛋白质迅速转移再利用.随着新梢的生长,到了夏末秋初,又重新开始积累贮藏蛋白质.     

银杏营养贮藏蛋白质的亚细胞定位

在电子显微镜下,对银枵（Ginkgo biloba L.）枝条营养贮藏蛋白质的超微结构特征及在亚细胞水平的定位进行了系统研究。结果表明：银杏营养贮藏蛋白质主要存在于韧皮薄壁细胞的液泡内。银杏韧皮薄壁细胞内的营养贮藏蛋白质在细胞质内合成,由内质网膨大的槽库、质膜内折或高尔基体小泡发育形成贮藏蛋白质的液泡。液泡蛋白质主要以不定形块状、絮状或颗粒状形态存在。贮藏蛋白质在整个越冬期一直保持高含量,直到翌年春季萌芽时,贮藏蛋白质迅速转移再利用。随着新梢的生长,到了夏末秋初,又重新开始积累贮藏蛋白质。     

杨树新梢积累营养贮藏蛋白质的细胞学研究

采用光学显微镜和电子显微镜技术,对杨树新梢中的营养贮藏蛋白质进行了细胞学鉴定。在用戊二醛固定的标本中,营养贮藏蛋白质呈颗粒状,积累在中央大液泡里。在新梢伸长生长时期,新梢茎的基部已积累了营养贮藏蛋白质,在伸长生长刚停止,中上部的叶片近成熟时,整个新梢的茎都有营养贮藏蛋白质的积累,其中,以新梢基部的茎最为丰富。营养贮藏蛋白质优先在次生韧皮部的韧皮薄壁细胞和韧皮射线薄壁细胞中积累,在新梢伸长生长停止后,新梢基部茎的木质部中也积累了相当数量的营养贮藏蛋白质,主要分布在初生木质部和内侧次生木质部的各种生活的薄壁细胞中。新梢较早地积累营养贮藏蛋白质是热带树木和温带树木的一个共同特点,对于树木的氮代谢和树木当年的生长发育可能具有重要的调控作用。     

种子贮藏蛋白质表达调控及应用研究进展

种子在成熟过程中大量积累贮藏蛋白质,且不同植物种子中贮藏蛋白质的种类不同.为了解种子贮藏蛋白质的表达调控模式,对近年来表达调控机制的理论研究和在植物分类研究、分子育种及表达药用蛋白质方面的应用研究进行了综述.理论研究表明,种子贮藏蛋白质的特异性表达是受精确调控的,这些调控包括启动子中的顺式作用元件和反式作用因子.应用研究表明,通过对种子贮藏蛋白质表达的合理调控可提高作物的产量和营养价值,同时种子贮藏蛋白质具有稳定表达的特性,可用于研究植物分类、植物系统进化和表达药用蛋白质.     

植物种子贮藏蛋白质及其细胞内转运与加工

高等植物种子成熟过程中贮存大量的贮藏蛋白质作为种子发芽和初期生长的重要营养来源。根据溶解性不同,种子贮藏蛋白质可分为白蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白4类。在种子胚发育过程中,醇溶蛋白在粗面内质网合成后形成蛋白质聚集体,直接出芽形成蛋白体并贮存其中。白蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白在粗面内质网以分子量较大的前体形式合成后,根据各自的分选信号进入特定的运输囊泡,经由受体依赖型运输/聚集体形式运输转运至蛋白质贮藏型液泡中,然后经过液泡加工酶等的剪切转换为成熟型贮藏蛋白质并贮存其中。蛋白质的合成、分选、转运和加工等过程影响种子蛋白质的品质及含量。该文对种子贮藏蛋白质的分类和运输、加工以及这些过程对种子蛋白质品质和含量的影响进行了概述。     

植物种子贮藏蛋白质及其细胞内转运与加工

高等植物种子成熟过程中贮存大量的贮藏蛋白质作为种子发芽和初期生长的重要营养来源。根据溶解性不同, 种子贮藏蛋白质可分为白蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白4类。在种子胚发育过程中, 醇溶蛋白在粗面内质网合成后形成蛋白质聚集体, 直接出芽形成蛋白体并贮存其中。白蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白在粗面内质网以分子量较大的前体形式合成后, 根据各自的分选信号进入特定的运输囊泡, 经由受体依赖型运输/聚集体形式运输转运至蛋白质贮藏型液泡中, 然后经过液泡加工酶等的剪切转换为成熟型贮藏蛋白质并贮存其中。蛋白质的合成、分选、转运和加工等过程影响种子蛋白质的品质及含量。该文对种子贮藏蛋白质的分类和运输、加工以及这些过程对种子蛋白质品质和含量的影响进行了概述。     

稻米蛋白营养品质及其遗传改良

稻米富含淀粉,贮藏蛋白易被消化吸收,是人类和牲畜能量及蛋白的主要来源;但其蛋白质和赖氨酸等含量偏低,因而营养不够全面。文章简要介绍了稻米蛋白质与氨基酸营养品质及其遗传改良的研究进展。     

植物贮藏蛋白体的形成与发育及其调控

植物贮藏蛋白体由质体、内质网及液泡发育而来。贮藏蛋白体的形成和发育受贮藏蛋白质组分,蛋白质多肽携带信号,植物凝集素及一些细胞器的调控。贮藏蛋白体是由单层膜包围的亚细胞结构,其主要成份是贮藏蛋白质,植酸、植物凝集素,一些酶及无机离子如K~+Mg~(2+)等。贮藏蛋白体的形成与发育研究受到了人们的注意。本文将介绍一些这方面的进展。一、贮藏蛋白体的形成与发育贮藏蛋白体被认为是由质体,内质网和液泡发育而来,更多的资料支持后两种观点。 1、质体Graham发现玉米贮藏蛋白体形成与细胞质膜有关,这些蛋白体有双层膜结构。Morton将它们称为蛋白质体。分离的蛋白质体能在体外合成贮藏蛋白质,     

植物营养贮存蛋白及其生物学功能研究进展

植物营养贮存蛋白(vegetative storage proteins )是广泛存在于植物营养组织且含量丰富的蛋白, 最初是作为植物氮源的临时贮存形式而被人们认识。然而, 不同植物中的营养贮存蛋白的生化来源和生物学特性并不相同, 并且除了营养贮存功能外, 更重要的是这类蛋白在植物防御中也承担着多种多样的重要角色, 或具有抗虫活性, 或能够抑制病原细菌和病原真菌的生长, 或参与植物防御过程中的信号转导等。对植物营养贮存蛋白在植物防御中作用机制的深入研究将使这类蛋白在新型生物农药的开发和植物抗病基因工程中具有广阔的应用前景。     

植物营养贮存蛋白及其生物学功能研究进展

植物营养贮存蛋白（vegetative storage proteins）是广泛存在于植物营养组织且含量丰富的蛋白,最初是作为植物氮源的临时贮存形式而被人们认识。然而,不同植物中的营养贮存蛋白的生化来源和生物学特性并不相同,并且除了营养贮存功能外,更重要的是这类蛋白在植物防御中也承担着多种多样的重要角色,或具有抗虫活性,或能够抑制病原细菌和病原真菌的生长,或参与植物防御过程中的信号转导等。对植物营养贮存蛋白在植物防御中作用机制的深入研究将使这类蛋白在新型生物农药的开发和植物抗病基因工程中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Wheat vegetative nitrogen compositional changes in response to reduced reproductive sink strength

N redistribution patterns and the N composition of vegetative tissues above the peduncle node of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants with altered reproductive sink strength were evaluated to determine the role of vegetative storage proteins in the temporary storage of excess N destined for export. The degree of leaf senescence symptoms (loss of chlorophyll, total N, and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) were initially reduced, but the complete senescence of vegetative tissues proceeded even for plants completely lacking reproductive sinks. Plants with 50% less sink strength than control plants with intact spikes redistributed vegetative N to the spike almost as effectively as the control plants. Plants without reproductive sinks exported less N from the flag leaf and had flag leaf blades and peduncle tissues with higher soluble protein and α-NH₂ amino acid levels than control plants. An abundant accumulation of polypeptides in the soluble protein profiles of vegetative tissues was not evident in plants with reduced sink strength. Storage of amino acids apparently accommodates any excess N accumulated by vegetative tissues during tissue reproductive growth. Any significant role of vegetative storage proteins in the N economy of wheat is unlikely.     

Soybean vegetative storage protein structure and gene expression

Depodded soybean (Glycine max [L] Merr. cv Williams) plants accumulate high levels of a glycoprotein in their leaves that has many features of a storage protein. The protein is found in all vegetative tissues which have been examined but not in the seeds. Translation in vitro indicated that elevated mRNA levels were at least partially responsible for the specific increase in vegetative storage protein. cDNA clones were isolated and sequenced, and an amino acid sequence was predicted. Although the amino acid composition is similar to that of seed storage proteins, no sequence similarity could be detected. Northern blot hybridization confirmed a large increase in vegetative storage protein mRNA in leaves of depodded plants. The vegetative storage proteins are represented by about four gene copies in the haploid genome.     

Clonal variation in apical growth and content in vegetative storage proteins in Populus

Summary Apical shoot growth and storage protein content in various poplar species and clones were followed in trees growing in the field and in micropropagated plants cultivated in the growth chamber under a controlled environment. In autumn a 32 kD and a 36 kD vegetative storage protein accumulate in wood, bark and roots of poplar and comprise together about 25% of the soluble proteins. In spring, at the time of dormancy break, the storage proteins are degraded and 3 weeks after budburst these proteins are no longer immunologically detectable. As in autumn, short day exposure of black cottonwood plants (Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray) induces cessation of apical growth and accumulation of the 32 kD and 36 kD vegetative storage proteins in all clones studied. In order to simulate spring conditions, short day induced plants were transferred back to long days. Like the situation in spring, budburst and storage protein degradation occurred considerably earlier in clone 9/60 than in clone Muhle Larsen. The latter clone accumulates both in winter and after short day exposure more storage proteins than the former. Furthermore two P. trichocarpa clones differ qualitatively in storage protein content: they possess an additional 34 kD polypeptide which cross-reacts with the anti-32 kD antibody. In conclusion, apical shoot growth and the capacity to synthesize storage proteins can be easily followed in micropropagated poplar cultivated in the growth chamber under inducing photoperiods. This offers the major advantage of independence from the annual growth cycle. Within one species considerable clonal variance in storage protein content and in the induction times needed for dormancy and dormancy break were observed. The suitability of storage protein content and apical growth as early selection traits in breeding programs focusing on nitrogen efficient poplar and clones adapted to specific latitudes will be discussed.     

Combined expression of S-VSPalpha in two different organelles enhances its accumulation and total lysine production in leaves of transgenic tobacco plants

Soybean vegetative storage proteins (S-VSPs) accumulate to high levels in vacuoles of both wild types and heterologous plants. Here it is shown that directing S-VSPalpha to two different organelles-chloroplasts and vacuoles-in a single transgenic plant significantly increased its accumulation. Accumulation of S-VSPalpha in heterologous plants correlated with total soluble lysine. Using this approach with essential amino-acid-rich transgene proteins may lead to a breakthrough in improving plant nutritional quality.