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1.
Marie J. E. Charpentier Cathy V. Williams Christine M. Drea 《Conservation Genetics》2008,9(6):1605-1615
The consequences of inbreeding have been well studied in a variety of taxa, revealing that inbreeding has major negative impacts
in numerous species, both in captivity and in the wild; however, as trans-generational health data are difficult to obtain
for long-lived, free-ranging species, similar analyses are generally lacking for nonhuman primates. Here, we examined the
long-term effects of inbreeding on numerous health estimates in a captive colony of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), housed under semi-natural conditions. This vulnerable strepsirrhine primate is endemic to Madagascar, a threatened hotspot
of biodiversity; consequently, this captive population represents an important surrogate. Despite significant attention to
maintaining the genetic diversity of captive animals, breeding colonies invariably suffer from various degrees of inbreeding.
We used neutral heterozygosity as an estimate of inbreeding and showed that our results reflect genome-wide inbreeding, rather
than local genetic effects. In particular, we found that genetic diversity affects several fitness correlates, including the
prevalence and burden of Cuterebra parasites and a third (N = 6) of the blood parameters analyzed, some of which reflect immunocompetence. As a final validation of inbreeding depression
in this captive colony, we showed that, compared to outbred individuals, inbred lemurs were more likely to die earlier from
diseases. Through these analyses, we highlight the importance of monitoring genetic variation in captive animals—a key objective
for conservation geneticists—and provide insight into the potential negative consequences faced by small or isolated populations
in the wild.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
2.
We observed hand use in free-ranging aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) on an island in the Mananara River, eastern Madagascar. The results were compared with those of two conflicting studies
on hand laterality in captive aye-ayes. We argue that patterns of hand preference in wild aye-ayes are comparable to those
of captive animals and that discrepancies between studies are—at least partly—caused by different ways of collecting and processing
data. Aye-ayes fit Level 2 of the categories of hand laterality described by McGrew and Marchant (Yearb Phys Anthropol 40:201–232,
1997), with some individuals showing significant hand preference, but with the proportion of right- to left-preferent animals
being very close to 1:1. We observed hand preference to be consistent for two of the most frequent behaviors, tapping and
probing with fingers. Reaching and holding objects in hands is rare in aye-ayes, and the patterns of hand use in aye-ayes
are therefore not directly comparable with those of other prosimians in which laterality has been studied. We detected no
effect of sex on hand preference and were unable to determine whether there is an effect of age. The posture adopted by the
animals did not influence hand preference. 相似文献
3.
E. P. Isakova Yu. I. Deryabina N. N. Gessler T. A. Belozerskaya Ya. M. Rabinovich 《Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology》2010,46(3):318-323
Cell respiratory activity of protoplasts obtained from the wild type of Neurospora crassa and photoreceptor complex WCC—white collar 1 (wc-1) and white collar 2 (wc-2)—mutants of Neurospora crassa strains was investigated. Respiration inhibition by KCN in the presence of 25 mM succinate was similar in all strains and
did not exceed 83–85% against control. The significant induction of KCN-resistant respiratory pathway occurred under 1% glucose
oxidation in wc-1 and wc-2 mutants if compared with the wild type strains. The inhibitors of the main (cytochrome) pathway of electron transfer in mitochondria—1
mM KCN and antimycin A (4 μg/ml)—blocked the respiration rate of the protoplasts from N. crassa wild type by 75%, while the cell respiration of wc-1 and wc-2 strains was suppressed by approximately 50%. The specific inhibitor of alternative oxidase—10 mM salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)—in
combination with the blockers of mitochondrial electron transfer chain caused the total suppression of respiratory activity
of protoplasts in all studied strains. It is supposed that an increase of KCN-resistance in WCC mutants under glucose oxidation
is connected with alternative oxidase activation as the result of failure in reception and signal transduction of active oxygen
species. 相似文献
4.
Markus Gusset Anthony H. Maddock Glenn J. Gunther Micaela Szykman Rob Slotow Michele Walters Michael J. Somers 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2008,17(1):83-101
In South Africa, a plan was launched to manage separate sub-populations of endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in several small, geographically isolated, conservation areas as a single meta-population. This intensive management approach
involves the re-introduction of wild dogs into suitable conservation areas and periodic translocations among them. To assess
the attitudes towards re-introduced wild dogs, we conducted a questionnaire survey of multiple stakeholders—local community
members, private landowners and tourists—in and around Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (HiP), one of the meta-population conservation
areas. Here, we document conflicting human interests over the re-introduced wild dogs. Tourists in HiP, on the one hand, expressed
overwhelmingly positive opinions about wild dogs across personal details of the respondents, but especially after having seen
free-ranging wild dogs. On the other hand, we found misconceptions and perceptions that were more negative among the rural
population around HiP, again largely independent of personal details of the participants, although educated respondents voiced
more favourable views of wild dogs. These negative attitudes were in particular due to perceived and real threats of livestock
losses. In a follow-up questionnaire survey, we also discovered apparent shortcomings of a previous short-lived conservation
education programme among the local communities adjacent to HiP. Consequently, the mitigation of the conflict between wild
dogs and rural people requires an understanding of the conditions under which livestock predation occurs, the encouragement
of practices that prevent such predation, and increasing local tolerance of co-existence with wild dogs through both economic
and non-monetary incentive schemes as well as continued conservation education. 相似文献
5.
Tamaki Maruhashi 《Primates; journal of primatology》1981,22(1):1-14
Activity patterns of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) were observed for 240 hr from August to December 1976 on the western slope of Mt. Kuniwari, Yakushima Island, Japan. Activity
patterns and the time budget of a habituated wild troop which consisted of 47 animals in August 1976, were studied quantitatively
by using the scan-sampling method at 15-min intervals. Six thousand seven hundred and six animals were recorded in 959 scans
during the study period and the mean number of animals seen per scan was 7.0. The time budget established for different categories
of activity was as follows: inactive—20.9%; moving—22.8%; feeding—23.5%; social grooming—27.9%; self-grooming—1.2%; and other
activities—3.7%. Adult males spent less time in feeding and more time in resting or being inactive than females or juveniles.
The daily activity patterns were highly variable with respect to time. Intraspecific variations were examined between troops
in several regions of Japan and it was noted that the percentages of time devoted to feeding were similar in all areas.
Inter-species variations in the activity budgets of several species of primates were also examined. The percentage of time
spent in social grooming by Japanese monkeys is exceptionally high compared to that recorded in other species. 相似文献
6.
Kay H. Farmer Hannah M. Buchanan-Smith Aliette Jamart 《International journal of primatology》2006,27(3):747-765
As wild primate populations decline, numbers of orphaned primates, sanctuaries, and attempts to release primates back to the natural environment increase. Release projects frequently are poorly documented despite IUCN guidelines recommending post-release monitoring and systematic data collection as central to the process. Since 1996, Habitat Ecologique et Liberté des Primates (HELP) has been releasing wild-born orphaned chimpanzees into natural habitat in the Conkouati-Douli National Park, Republic of Congo. HELP developed a post-release monitoring system as an integral component. We present activity budgets and diet of released chimpanzees, and compared them to those of wild chimpanzee, as primary indicators of successful release. Feeding, moving, and resting dominated activity budgets, reflecting the overall patterns in wild populations. Diet was diverse and dominated by fruit, and the released chimpanzees showed specialization on a smaller number of species, as in many wild communities. The high survival rates of the chimpanzees and overall success of the release program are attributed to careful planning and post-release support facilitated via the monitoring process. Systematic post-release data collection monitoring has confirmed that wild-born chimpanzees can adjust behaviorally and nutritionally to the wild. Survival statistics of the reintroduced chimpanzees—confirmed 56%, possible 88%— reflect the behavioral adaptability.2nd revision March 11, 2005An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
7.
Thore J. Bergman Lucy Ho Jacinta C. Beehner 《International journal of primatology》2009,30(6):791-806
Conspicuous colored patches on animals often serve as sexually selected signals that advertise male quality. Such colored
traits facilitate assessment of risks associated with a specific contest or benefits associated with a specific mate choice.
Here, we investigate whether a colored patch of skin on the chests of male geladas (Theropithecus gelada) is a sexually selected signal. Specifically, we examine the relationship between color (redness), social status (a proxy
for reproductive success), and age. We use observational data from known individuals from a population of wild geladas living
in Ethiopia. We digitally quantified chest color using a previously-validated method for measuring color under field conditions.
Results from this study are consistent with the hypothesis that redness is a quality signal in males. Baseline color correlates
with status even when controlling for age. Indeed, males with redder chests were members of “better” groups: 1) leader males—the
only males with reproductive access to females—had the reddest chests, and 2) within leader males, males with large units
(>6 females) had redder chests than males with small units. At present, we are unable to address whether male chest color
is directed at potential rivals or mates. Nevertheless, our data support the hypothesis that quality signals should prevail
in large, fluid groups, where it is unlikely that individuals recognize all other group members. If individual recognition
is limited in gelada society, this would favor the evolution of alternative means of assessment for making reproductive decisions. 相似文献
8.
Researchers consider group size in primates to be determined by complex relationships among numerous ecological forces. Antipredator benefits and better resource defense are the primary pressures for large groups. Conversely, intragroup limited food availability, can result in greater intragroup feeding competition and individual energy expenditure in larger groups, creating energetic advantages for individuals in small groups and placing an upper limit group size. However, the extent to which food availability constrains group size remains unclear for many species, including black howlers (Alouatta pigra), which ubiquitously live in small social groups (≤10 individuals). We studied the relationship between group size and 2 key indices of feeding competition—day journey length and activity budgets—in 3 groups of wild Alouatta pigra at a hurricane-damaged site in Belize, Central America. We controlled for differences in food availability between home ranges (food tree density) and compared both indicators of feeding competition directly with temporal variation in food availability for each group. Our results show no consistent association between resource availability, group size, and either index of competition, indicating that feeding competition does not limit group size at the site—i.e., that larger groups can form without increased costs of feeding competition. The results support the search for other explanations, possibly social ones, for small group size in the primates, and we conclude with suggestions and evidence for such alternative explanations. 相似文献
9.
Seth W. Coleman Zachary W. Culumber Ashley Meaders Jennifer Henson Gil G. Rosenthal 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2009,86(2):279-284
Ultraviolet radiation—the primary natural pollutant affecting melanomagenesis—may represent a widespread ecological stressor
for many fishes, and yet the relationship between UV-exposure and stress has not been investigated in natural fish populations.
Recent lab-based studies have sought to characterize the relationship between tumorigenesis and the induction of molecular
defenses, such as heat shock proteins. Here we show that ultraviolet radiation and heat shock protein gene expression explain
a significant amount of the variation in hyper-melanization—the phenotypic precursor to melanoma—in wild hybrids of Xiphophorus, laboratory models in cancer research. Our results suggest exposure to UV radiation causes stress which induces molecular
defense mechanisms, which in turn may facilitate tumorigenesis in natural fish populations. Studies of laboratory-based model
organisms in natural settings, like this one, may provide important insights into ecological and evolutionary relationships
obscured in controlled laboratory environments. We hope that ours is only the first of many studies to investigate the such
relationships between environmental stress, stress-induced molecular defenses, and cancer in fishes. 相似文献
10.
M. A. Kovalyova L. I. Kovalyov I. Yu. Toropygin S. V. Shigeev A. V. Ivanov S. S. Shishkin 《Biochemistry. Biokhimii?a》2009,74(11):1239-1252
Proteins from bioptates and autoptates of human skeletal muscle m. vastus lateralis were separated by O’Farrell two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). MALDI-TOF MS and MS/MS enabled identification of 89
protein spots as expression products of 55 genes. A modification of the O’Farrell’s method including non-equilibrium electrophoresis
in a pH gradient allowed detection — among major sarcomeric, mitochondrial, and cytosolic proteins — of several proteins,
such as PDZ- and LIM domain-containing ones (pI > 8.70), fragments of known proteins, and a stable complex of heavy and light ferritin chains. The data underlie further
studies of human skeletal muscle proteins in terms of molecular mechanisms of some physiological and pathological processes. 相似文献
11.
Jonathan C. Reynolds Chris Stoate Malcolm H. Brockless Nicholas J. Aebischer Stephen C. Tapper 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2010,56(4):541-549
The brown hare Lepus europaeus is a valued game species but also a species of conservation concern owing to its severe decline in abundance on farmland
throughout Europe during the twentieth century. Changes in the farmland habitat and predation have both been cited as causative
factors. Their relative roles have been unclear, but most conservation action has focused on improving habitat. We analyse
data from a sequence of three unique studies (one experiment and two demonstrations) covering the period 1985–2006 in which
control of several common predator species was undertaken to increase densities of wild game on farmland in England. Across
the three studies, regression modelling of the proportional change in hare numbers between successive years showed that—after
site, year differences and harvesting were accounted for—predator control was a significant determinant of hare population
change. Where habitat improvement also took place, hares reached autumn densities that were exceptional for the UK and which
could sustain substantial harvests. When predation control was stopped, hare densities fell, even where habitat improvements
remained in place. This analysis demonstrates that even where farmland habitat is greatly improved, uncontrolled predation
prevents hares making full use of its carrying capacity. This helps explain the mixed—and at best modest—success of agri-environment
schemes in the UK and elsewhere in Europe to increase hare densities. Game-shooting estates, on which effective predator control
takes place, probably have a special significance within the landscape as source areas for brown hares. 相似文献
12.
Emmanuel Serrano Jose Enrique Granados Mathieu Sarasa Francisco Jose González Paulino Fandos Ramon C. Soriguer Jesus M. Pérez 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2011,57(1):45-55
We studied the factors that determined kidney fat stores (KFs) and kidney stores (Ks)—defined as the residuals from the linear
regression of kidney mass and kidney fat, respectively, on body weight—in 463 Iberian wild goats (Capra pyrenaica) from the Sierra Nevada (southern Spain). Despite the fact that body stores in both sexes were highest during the warmest
months of the year and lowest during the coldest months when food resources are limited, the observed pattern was sex- and
age-dependent. The KFs of male goats fell more than those of females in winter, and the yearlings of both sexes needed one
season more than young or adults to restore their KFs. Goats of all age classes showed the same seasonal patterns in their
Ks, although Ks were lower in females than in males throughout the yearly cycle. In addition, we found strong delayed effects
of both snowfalls and population density on body stores, and in years with a lot of snow, goats' KFs reached their lowest
levels in the current winter–spring, but the highest in the following summers and autumns. This pattern was less noticeable
in the Ks. Population density negatively affected the body stores of wild goats, especially in winter, and the amount of snow
fallen in the year of birth (cohort effect) did not seem to influence the body stores in our data set. In addition, we assessed
the accuracy of the residuals from the regression between body size and body mass for monitoring body condition of live wild
goats and concluded that, although it poorly indicates fat stores, it could be used as a general proxy of body condition.
Finally, we discuss the expected effects of climate warming on body stores in this Mediterranean Caprinae species. 相似文献
13.
Coprophagy is common in captive primates but has also been reported in the wild. For example, wild apes extract and reingest
items from faeces. We term this behavior seed reingestion because the dung matrix is not consumed. We assessed the importance
of seed reingestion in a population of savannah chimpanzees at Fongoli, southeastern Senegal, one of the hottest and driest
areas of the species’ range, where chimpanzees have a relatively narrow dietary repertoire. We observed habituated chimpanzees
on 122 d during 8 mo in 2005 and 2006, employing both focal subject and scan sampling of identified individuals for 1278 h
of data collection. Chimpanzees reingested seeds of 2 species: Parkia biglobosa and Adansonia digitata. Both seed species have a hard protective shell, and the embryos are rich in proteins and lipids. Chimpanzees initially ate
the fruit matrix pulp and swallowed intact seeds before reingesting and chewing/destroying seeds. Seed reingestion accounted
for almost 2% of feeding time. We suggest that at Fongoli this behavior may be an adaptive strategy to maximize food intake,
by softening the seed’s shell and making the seed’s content more accessible. 相似文献
14.
Adrien Meguerditchian Sarah E. Calcutt Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf Stephen R. Ross William D. Hopkins 《American journal of physical anthropology》2010,141(4):638-645
Predominance of right‐handedness has historically been considered as a hallmark of human evolution. Whether nonhuman primates exhibit population‐level manual bias remains a controversial topic. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that bimanual coordinated activities may be a key‐behavior in our ancestors for the emergence and evolution of human population‐level right‐handedness. To this end, we collected data on hand preferences in 35 captive gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) during simple unimanual reaching and for bimanual coordinated feeding. Unimanual reaching consisted of grasping food on the ground, while bimanual feeding consisted of using one hand for holding a food and processing the food item by the opposite hand. No population‐level manual bias was found for unimanual actions but, in contrast, gorillas exhibited a significant population‐level right‐handedness for the bimanual actions. Moreover, the degree of right‐handedness for bimanual feeding exceeds any other known reports of hand use in primates, suggesting that lateralization for bimanual feeding is robust in captive gorillas. The collective evidence is discussed in the context of potential continuity of handedness between human and nonhuman primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
15.
Michael Klutstein Martin Xaver Ronen Shemesh Drora Zenvirth Franz Klein Giora Simchen 《Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG》2009,282(5):453-462
Synapsis of homologs during meiotic prophase I is associated with a protein complex built along the bivalents—the synaptonemal
complex (SC). Mutations in the SC-component gene ZIP1 diminish SC formation, leading to reduced recombination levels and low spore viability. Here we show that in SK1 strains
heterozygous for a deletion of ZIP1 in certain regions meiotic interference are impaired with no decrease in recombination levels. The extent of synapsis is
over all reduced and NDJ levels of a large endogenous chromosome and of artificial chromosomes (YACs) rise to twice the level
of wild type strains. A substantial proportion of mis-segregating YACs had undergone crossing over. This demonstrates that
different functions of Zip1 display differential sensitivities to changes in expression levels. 相似文献
16.
Nationalization and Globalization Trends in the Wild Mushroom Commerce of Italy with Emphasis on Porcini (
Boletus edulis
and Allied Species). This paper presents an historical overview of wild mushroom commerce in Italy, with a focus on recent trends in the production
of porcini (Boletus edulis and closely allied species). Over the past century, two major trends—nationalization and globalization—have been apparent
in the wild mushroom commerce of Italy. First, a simplified national mushroom menu has emerged through processes of governmental
regulation and culinary fashion, but it has come at the expense of differing, localized mushroom traditions which may suffer
under the European Union’s free trade principles. Second, Italy has emerged as a focal point of a global market for a small
number of mushroom species—particular porcini. While the name porcini has become synonymous with Italian cuisine, and in spite
of a vibrant tradition of recreational mushroom collecting in Italy, most of the porcini commercially available in Italy or
exported by Italy are no longer of Italian origin. Porcini and other mushrooms now flow into Italy from all over the world—especially
from China and eastern Europe—and are then often exported as “Italian porcini.” This globalization of the wild mushroom trade,
while offering significant income to rural producers and processors around the globe, has other effects as well, for example,
a kind of national branding as “Italian” of globally-produced products, of which porcini is one, that is in direct opposition
to some of the European Union’s rules for regional denominations.
Processi di Nazionalizzazione e Globalizzazione nel Commercio Italiano dei Funghi spontanei, con Particolare Riguardo ai Porcini ( Boletus edulis e Specie Affini). Questo articolo presenta una panoramica storica sul commercio dei funghi spontanei in Italia, con particolare riguardo alle recenti tendenze nella produzione dei porcini (Boletus edulis e specie affini). Nello scorso secolo si sono osservate due tendenze principali—di nazionalizzazione e di globalizzazione—nel commercio dei funghi spontanei in Italia. In primo luogo si è affermata nel territorio nazionale una tradizione limitata al consumo di un numero contenuto di specie, sia per effetto di alcune normative che di mode culinarie, ma ciò è avvenuto a discapito di tradizioni locali più ricche, che potrebbero ulteriormente risentire dei principi per il libero scambio all’interno dell’Unione Europea. In secondo luogo, l’Italia si è posta in evidenza come un punto nodale per il mercato globale di alcune specie fungine, in particolare dei porcini. Nonostante quest’ultimo termine sia tradizionalmente associato alla cucina italiana, e nonostante esista in Italia una vivace e radicata tradizione nella raccolta amatoriale dei funghi, la maggior parte dei porcini ivi commercializzati (allo stato fresco, essiccati o variamente conservati) o esportati verso altri paesi non sono più di origine locale. I porcini e altre specie fungine giungono attualmente in Italia da ogni parte del mondo—in modo particolare dalla Cina e dall’Europa orientale—e sono successivamente spesso esportati come “prodotti Italiani.” Questo processo di globalizzazione del mercato dei funghi spontanei, pur offrendo un significativo introito ai raccoglitori e commercianti rurali su tutto il globo, è responsabile di altri effetti, come per l’appunto una sorta di marchio nazionale “Italiano” su alcuni prodotti di provenienza globale, come per l’appunto i porcini, cosa che contrasta con alcune delle regole dell’Unione Europea in materia di denominazioni regionali.相似文献
17.
Ettinger-Epstein P Tapiolas DM Motti CA Wright AD Battershill CN de Nys R 《Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)》2008,10(1):64-74
The Great Barrier Reef sponge Luffariella variabilis (Poléjaeff 1884) produces a range of potent anti-inflammatory compounds as its major metabolites. These major metabolites—manoalide
monoacetate, manoalide, luffariellin A and seco-manoalide—were monitored temporally and spatially to quantify the potential
yield from wild harvest or aquaculture. Production of the major metabolites was hardwired at the population level with little
variation in space and time over meters to tens of kilometers in the Palm Islands, Queensland, Australia. Manoalide monoacetate
(35 to 70 mg g−1 dry weight of sponge) was consistently the most abundant compound followed by manoalide (15 to 20 mg g−1 dry weight). Luffariellin A and seco-manoalide were 10 to 70 times less abundant and varied between 0 and 3 mg g−1 dry weight. On a larger spatial scale, L. variabilis from Davies Reef and Magnetic Island contained the same rank order and yields of compounds as the Palm Islands, indicating
a generality of pattern over at least 100 km. The “hardwiring” of metabolite production at the population level by L. variabilis was also reflected in the lack of any inductive effect on metabolite production. In addition, individually monitored sponges
produced fixed ratios of the major metabolites over time (years). However, these ratios varied between individuals, with some
individuals consistently producing high levels of manoalide and manoalide monoacetate, providing the potential for selection
of high-yielding stocks. 相似文献
18.
This is the first report documenting the responses of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) to seismic activities. During our long-term fieldwork in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, a high-intensity earthquake
with a Richter magnitude of 6.8 occurred at 15:19 hours local time on 5 December 2005. During the main tremor, the chimpanzees
displayed the “wraa” call, “scream,” and “pant bark” or “bark” vocalizations. Many mild aftershocks followed the main tremor,
and the wild chimpanzees displayed a variety of responses to these. In several cases, they climbed trees or stopped activities
such as grooming, moving, and feeding. These responses are similar to those previously reported in nonhuman primates. During
the observations, a unique behavior, one never reported before was exhibited by a female chimpanzee. She placed her right
palm on the ground giving the impression she was inspecting the trembling of the ground. 相似文献
19.
DNA-fingerprinting (AFLP and RFLP) for genotypic identification in species of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus eryngii</Emphasis> complex 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Urbanelli S Della Rosa V Punelli F Porretta D Reverberi M Fabbri AA Fanelli C 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2007,74(3):592-600
Wild populations of edible species are important source of genetic variability for cultivated lines that can undergo a drastic
loss of diversity resulting from man’s selection. The development of tools aimed at the clear-cut and safe identification
and assessment of genetic variability of the wild and cultivated strains is thus a fundamental goal of molecular genetic research.
In this study, we used two polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based fingerprinting methods—amplified fragment length polymorphism
(AFLP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of laccase and manganese peroxidase genes—to assess genetic differences
among strains and independently evolving lineages belonging to the Pleurotus eryngii complex. Both laccase RFLP and AFLP have been proved to distinguish unambiguously the three taxa studied: Pleurotus ferulae, P. eryngii, and P. eryngii var. nebrodensis. AFLP also showed enough sensitivity to detect polymorphisms among the strains, proving to be an efficient DNA fingerprinting
tool in studies of strain assignment. The divergent RFLP laccase and manganese peroxidase patterns are also discussed in relation
to the role played by these genes in the interaction between these fungi and their host plants. 相似文献
20.
Grillenzoni N de Vaux V Meuwly J Vuichard S Jarman A Holohan E Gendre N Stocker RF 《Development genes and evolution》2007,217(3):209-219
In this paper, we address the role of proneural genes in the formation of the dorsal organ in the Drosophila larva. This organ is an intricate compound comprising the multineuronal dome—the exclusive larval olfactory organ—and a number
of mostly gustatory sensilla. We first determine the numbers of neurons and of the different types of accessory cells in the
dorsal organ. From these data, we conclude that the dorsal organ derives from 14 sensory organ precursor cells. Seven of them
appear to give rise to the dome, which therefore may be composed of seven fused sensilla, whereas the other precursors produce
the remaining sensilla of the dorsal organ. By a loss-of-function approach, we then analyze the role of atonal, amos, and the achaete-scute complex (AS-C), which in the adult are the exclusive proneural genes required for chemosensory organ specification. We show that atonal and amos are necessary and sufficient in a complementary way for four and three of the sensory organ precursors of the dome, respectively.
AS-C, on the other hand, is implicated in specifying the non-olfactory sensilla, partially in cooperation with atonal and/or amos. Similar links for these proneural genes with olfactory and gustatory function have been established in the adult fly. However,
such conserved gene function is not trivial, given that adult and larval chemosensory organs are anatomically very different
and that the development of adult olfactory sensilla involves cell recruitment, which is unlikely to play a role in dome formation.
N. Grillenzoni and V. de Vaux contributed equally to this work. 相似文献