本文报道了虫疫霉属2个新种及1个中国新记录种。新种北虫疫霉(Eryniaborea Fan et Li sp.nov.)发生于西北及东北地区的丽蝇成虫体上,菜叶蜂虫疫霉(Eryniaathaliae Li et Fan sp.nov)发生于陕西杨陵的黄翅菜叶蜂幼虫;新记录种近藤虫疫霉(Erynia kondoiensis Milner)发生于福州的烟蚜虫体上。本文详细描述了新种的形态。 相似文献
The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009. 相似文献
The origins of capers, their use and cultivation are discussed. Capers seeds and charcoal are often recovered from archaeological
sites of the Mediterranean and West Asia. These are referred to as C. Spinosa L. This is mostly a group of cultivars restricted to localities surrounding the Western Mediterranean and some places in
the Eastern Mediterranean. Identification of the findings is discussed in terms of seed morphology, present distribution and
ancient uses of C. aegyptia Lam., C. sicula Veill., C. cartilaginea Decne, C. orientalis Veill., C. decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. and other species. Citations of Capparis in early Rabbinic, Mesopotamian and Greco-Roman texts are presented.
Received June 3, 2002 / Accepted October 8, 2002
Correspondence to: D. Rivera 相似文献
Lithioamidines {R′N(Li)C(R)NR′, I; R = CH3, R′ = C6H5, p-CH3,C6H4} react with iron(III) chloride in monoglyme to produce navy-blue, high spin Fe{R′NC(R)NR′}3 complexes which are extremely air and moisture sensitive. The corresponding reaction when R = R′ = C6H5 produces a soluble red complex and an air-stable green complex, whereas when R = H, R′ = C6H5 and R = R′ = C6H5 and the reaction is started at ca. ?20°, red and green complexes respectively are formed. Though all the complexes are formulated Fe{R′NC(R)NR′}3, their properties reflect association through bridging amidino-groups. Iron(II) chloride reacts with I(R = CH3, R′ = p-CH3C6H4) to form two complexes, one crimson and soluble in organic solvents, and one brown and insoluble, which are fomulated [Fe{R′NC(R)NR′}2]n. The iron(III) complexes failed to react with, or were decomposed by, a variety of reducing, electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents, though blue Fe{p-CH3C6H4NC(CH3)N-p-CH3C6H4}3 reacts readily with nitric oxide to form a purple addition complex from which the N-nitroso-compound p-CH3C6H4NC(CH3)N(NO)-p-CH3C6H4 was obtained in high yield. Treatment of the corresponding brown iron(II) complex with nitric oxide gave no reaction. 相似文献
Synthesis and single crystal X-ray structures of the first paramagnetic transition metal complexes containing chiral ethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene-oxazoline (EDT-TTF-OX) 1a-c and ethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene-thiomethyloxazoline 2 (EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX) ligands based on copper (II) and cobalt (II) are described. The racemic [EDT-TTF-OX][Cu(hfac)2] complex 3a crystallizes in the triclinic centrosymmetric space group , whereas the enantiopure counterparts 3b-c crystallize in the triclinic non-centrosymmetric space group P1. Cu(II) adopts a distorted square pyramidal coordination geometry, a much weaker Cu?STTF interaction also being identified. The same coordination pattern around Cu(II) is observed in the complex [(rac)-EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX][Cu(hfac)2] (4) in spite of the bidentate nature of the redox active ligand. DFT theoretical calculations afforded two equilibrium configurations for a corresponding model complex, in which the metal centre establishes secondary coordination either with one STTF or with the SMe group. The same ligand coordinates the cobalt (II) to afford the octahedral complex [(rac)-EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX][Co(hfac)2] (5). In all these novel complexes, the paramagnetic centres are structurally and magnetically isolated. Cyclic voltammetry measurements show the stability of the radical cation species. 相似文献
The trinuclear [{RuII(bpy)2(bpy-terpy)}2CoII]6+ complex (16+) in which a Co(II)-bis-terpyridine-like centre is covalently linked to two Ru(II)-tris-bipyridine-like moieties by a bridging bipyridine-terpyridine ligand has been synthesised and characterised. Its electrochemical, photophysical and photochemical properties have been investigated in CH3CN. The cyclic voltammetry exhibits two successive reversible oxidation processes, corresponding to the CoIII/CoII and RuIII/RuII redox couples at E1/2 = −0.06 and 0.91 V vs Ag/Ag+ 10 mM, respectively. The one-electron oxidized form of the complex, [{RuII(bpy)2(bpy-terpy)}2CoIII]7+ (17+) obtained after exhaustive electrolysis carried out at 0.2 V is fully stable. 16+ and 17+ are only poorly luminescent, indicating that the covalent linkage of the Ru(II)-tris-bipyridine centre to the cobalt subunit leads to a strong quenching of the RuII excited state by an intramolecular process. Luminescence lifetime experiments carried out at different temperatures indicate that the transfer is more efficient for 17+ compare to 16+ due to lower activation energy. Continuous irradiation of 17+ performed at 405 nm in the presence of P(Ph)3 acting as sacrificial electron donor leads to its quantitative reduction into 16+, whereas similar experiment starting from 16+ with a sulfonium salt as sacrificial electron acceptor converts 16+ into 17+ with a slower rate and a maximum yield of 80%. These photoinduced electron transfers were followed by UV-Visible spectroscopy and compared with those obtained with a simple mixture of both mononuclear parent complexes i.e. [RuII(bpy)3]2+ and [CoII(tolyl-terpy)2]2+ or [CoIII(tolyl-terpy)2]3+ (tolyl-terpy = 4′-(4-methylphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine). 相似文献
Helix–coil transition curves are calculated for poly (dA) poly(dT) and poly (dA-dT) poly (dA-dT) using the integral equation approach of Goel and Montroll.5 The transitions are described by the loop entropy model with the exponent of the loop entropy factor, k, remaining an arbitrary constant. The theoretical calculations are compared with experimental transition curves of the two polymers. Results indicate that the stacking energies for these two polymers differ by about 1 kcal/mole of base pairs. Also, a fit between theory and experiment was not possible for k > 1.70. 相似文献
Photosynthetic characteristics were studied in several F1 hybrids between C4 and C3-C4 species of Flaveria. Stable carbon isotope ratios, O2 inhibition of apparent photosynthesis, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities in the hybrids were similar to the means for the parents. Values of CO2 compensation concentrations were nearer to those of the C4 parent and apparent photosynthesis was below that of both parents, being only 60 and 74% of that of the lowest (C3-C4) parent in two experiments. Reductions of CO2 compensation concentration and O2 inhibition of apparent photosynthesis as well as increases in carbon isotope ratios and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities compared to values in C3-C4 species suggest transfer of a limited degree of C4 photosynthesis to the F1 hybrids. However, the lower apparent photosynthesis of the hybrids suggests that transfer of C4 characteristics to non-C4 species is detrimental unless characteristics associated with C4 photosynthesis are fully developed. There was a highly significant negative correlation (r = −0.90) between CO2 compensation concentration and the logarithm of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity in the parents and hybrids, suggesting involvement of this enzyme in controlling the CO2 compensation concentration. Although bundle-sheath cells were more developed in leaves of hybrids than in C3-C4 parents, they appeared to contain lower quantities of organelles than those of the C4 parent. Reduced quantities of organelles in bundle-sheath cells could indicate incomplete compartmentation of partial pathways of the C4 cycle in the hybrids. This may mean that the reduction of CO2 compensation and O2 inhibition of apparent photosynthesis relative to the C3-C4 parents is less dependent on fully developed Kranz anatomy than is increased apparent photosynthesis. 相似文献
Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) is a tropical beetle (Coleoptera Bruchidae) that develops during the larval and pupal stages in the seeds of a legume Vigna unguiculata (Walp). Two species of Hymenoptera, Dinarmus basalis (Rond) and Eupelmus vuilleti (Craw), solitary ectoparasitoids of the larvae and pupae of B. atrolineatus, were introduced successively in the presence of their hosts, varying the interval between the two introductions. When D. basalis females were introduced 24 h, 3 days or 7 days after E. vuilleti, multiparasitism was low. The females had low fecundity, and their eggs were not distributed randomly over the different available hosts. When E. vuilleti females were introduced second, they oviposited on the different hosts availabe and did not avoid multiparasitism. The presence of hosts already parasitised by D. basalis increased the reproduction of E. vuilleti, and the fecundity of the females was higher than in control batches with E. vuilleti alone. E. vuilleti seems capable of detecting the ovipositor shafts drilled by the D. basalis females, and by introducing its own ovipositors killing the D. basalis eggs or larvae. When interspecific competition was occurring the number of E. vuilleti adults emerging from the seeds was no different from that observed in control batches with E. vuilleti alone, and there were always fewer D. basalis adults than in control batches (D. basalis alone). This interspecific competition reduces the influence of the two parasitoids in the biological control of bruchid populations. 相似文献
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