五种作物基因库种子繁殖更新技术研究

用大白菜、荞麦、多花菜豆、薏苡和芝麻等五种作物,每作物4个品种,各设25、50、100、150、200株不同群体的田间种植试验。采用纱网隔离,人工链式杂交,成对杂交,混合授粉,人工辅助授粉或虫媒(蜜蜂、苍蝇)等不同传粉方法。观察、记栽主要农艺性状。室内考种并测定各繁种方法与原种繁殖前后10种同工酶,计算遗传多样性指数;比较不同种群及原种与不同繁种方法繁殖后代间的差异显著性(遗传相似性)。提出这5种作物基因库种子最佳繁种措施：大白菜种植50～100株,群体内进行人工链式杂交;荞麦在网罩内种50～100株,采用家蝇传粉;多花菜豆在全封闭网棚内种50株以上,放蜜蜂传粉;薏苡种50～150株群体,套袋人工混合授粉;芝麻采用非隔离区种植40～50株或利用温室隔离种植。     

自花授粉作物种质资源繁殖更新的策略研究

有效的种质资源繁殖更新是保持作物异位保存种质资源活力和遗传完整性的首要工作.降低贮藏种子基因突变的累积效应,控制种质资源繁殖更新过程中由于遗传漂变、选择和污染所引起的遗传改变,对制定科学的种质资源繁殖更新策略十分重要.本文综述了国内外自花授粉作物种质资源繁殖更新策略研究的最新进展,并对更新种质资源活力、繁殖群体规模和种子收获方式对种质资源遗传完整性的影响进行讨论.     

盐肤木种子繁殖试验

本文对盐肤木种子的理化处理、种子质量、贮藏方法、发芽温度、播种时期、深度及其他的繁殖方法的试验结果进行了报道,为提高盐肤木的种子发芽率和成苗率及培育强壮的幼苗提供了可行的措施．     

罗汉果种子繁殖及其栽培研究

本文报道罗汉果种子繁殖及其栽培研究的结果,为罗汉果在生产上推广应用实生苗栽培,提供有效的技术措施。     

白及种子萌发与快速繁殖技术的研究

将不同胚龄的白及种子接种到不同培养基中进行培养,对白及种子萌发率、萌发时间、丛生芽增殖、生根等方面进行了研究。结果表明:白及种子萌发率与其胚龄及有胚率成正相关,萌发时间则与胚龄及有胚率成负相关;胚龄16周的种子在1 g/L花宝1号 2 g/L花宝2号的培养基上萌发率可达84%;胚龄等于或大于20周的种子萌发率不受培养基成分的影响,均可达100%,萌发时间只需7 d;丛生芽增殖的最佳培养基为1/2 MS 4.0 mg/L6-BA 0.2 mg/L NAA 100 g/L CM,其增殖倍数达4.41倍;诱导生根较好的培养基为1/2 MS 0.2 mg/L NAA,生根率达90%。     

楤木繁殖技术研究

对楤木繁殖技术进行了研究。楤木种子繁殖和扦插繁殖都用富含阔叶树腐叶的山基土作基质．播种在3月上旬进行可获70%左右的发芽率．扦插在2月上旬采用1年生枝条和2年生壮根作插穗成活率分别可达68％、76％左右。     

红火蚁对2种旱地作物种子萌发的影响

【背景】红火蚁入侵可能对土著生物产生各种各样的影响,而其入侵对农作物的影响是值得研究的,可为准确评估该蚁的经济危害性提供依据。【方法】通过室内模拟建巢和大田迁移蚁巢试验研究了红火蚁对玉米及绿豆种子萌发的影响。【结果】红火蚁室内种群对玉米及绿豆种子有啃咬破坏作用,但对萌发无影响。大田红火蚁种群显著抑制了玉米、绿豆种子萌发,高密度区域对玉米未正常萌发的种子数增加了2.86倍;高、低密度区域绿豆未正常萌发的种子数分别增加了1.21和0.98倍。【结论与意义】红火蚁入侵旱地生境后对玉米及绿豆种子萌发具有明显负面作用,将会直接导致农业生产损失。研究结果可为了解红火蚁入侵对农作物的影响提供参考。     

缬草及其繁殖技术

缬草（ＶａｌｅｒｉａｎａｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｌｉｓＬ．）又名满坡香、地麝,是败酱科的一种多年生高大草本。高达８０ｃｍ以上,。根状茎浓香,粗短,呈头状,带状须根簇生。茎中空,有纵棱,被粗白毛。叶对生,羽状深裂,裂片２～９对,裂片披针形或条形,顶端渐窄,基部...     

篦子三尖杉种子繁殖取得成功

我国二级保护植物篦子三尖杉(Cephalotaxusoliveri),为裸子植物三尖杉科常绿小乔木或灌木树种,主要分布于广东、江西、湖南、湖北、四川、重庆、贵州和云南等省区。由于该植物树体低矮,呈现丛生状,树形优美,种子大而悬垂,是一种优良的观赏绿化树种。     

Longevity of cryogenically stored seeds

Though cryogenic storage is presumed to provide nearly infinite longevity to cells, the actual shelf life achieved under ultra-cold temperatures has not been addressed theoretically or empirically. Here, we report measurable changes in germination of dried seeds stored under liquid nitrogen conditions for >10 years. There was considerable variability in the extent of deterioration among species and accessions within a species. Aging time courses for lettuce seeds stored at temperatures between 50 and -196 degrees C were fit to a form of the Avrami equation to determine rate coefficients and predict half-life of accessions. A reduction in the temperature dependency on aging rate, determined as a break in the Arrhenius plot, occurred at about -15 degrees C, and this resulted in faster deterioration than anticipated from extrapolation of kinetics measured at higher temperatures. The break in Arrhenius behavior occurred at temperatures in between the glass transition temperature (28 degrees C) and the Kauzmann temperature (-42 degrees C) and also coincided with a major triacylglycerol phase change (-40 to -7 degrees C). In spite of the faster than anticipated deterioration, cryogenic storage clearly prolonged shelf life of lettuce seeds with half-lives projected as approximately 500 and approximately 3400 years for fresh lettuce seeds stored in the vapor and liquid phases of liquid nitrogen, respectively. The benefit of low temperature storage (-18 or -135 degrees C) on seed longevity was progressively lost if seeds were first stored at 5 degrees C. Collectively, these results demonstrate that lowering storage temperature progressively increases longevity of seeds. However, cryogenic temperatures were not sufficient to stop deterioration, especially if initial stages of aging were allowed to progress at higher storage temperatures. This work contributes to reliable assessments of the potential benefit and cost of different genebanking strategies.     

Retrieval of stored seeds by Marsh Tits Parus palustris in the field

The retrieval of stored food by Marsh Tits was documented using Hall-plate detectors to register visits to storage sites by marked individuals. In each experimental session a marked bird was allowed to store up to 50 radioactively labelled half-peanuts. By placing detectors next to each stored item that we located it was possible to show that birds attempt to retrieve about 25% of their stored food. Most of the retrieval is within one or two days (confirming Cowie et al. 1981) and the proportion of recorded retrieval attempts that are successful declines to zero after about three days. By this time storage sites have already been emptied by cache robbers. There may be a tendency for retrieval to occur in the afternoon.     

Expression of circaseptan and circannual rhythmicity in the imbibition of dry stored bean seeds

Water uptake of seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Limburg was monitored in a controlled atmosphere every day at solar noon for a period of 2 years. The imbibition rate, determined as the mean of five replicas, was related to the lunar cycle, maximal water uptake occurring between the new phases of the cycle. The monthly mean value of imbibition rate, calculated from the daily measurements, displayed a circannual rhythm reaching maximal values in August-September and minimal values in February-March. These monthly values were positively correlated with the mean of the maximal temperatures recorded daily outside.     

Significant contribution of boron stored in seeds to initial growth of rice seedlings

Rice plants are relatively insensitive to low boron environment. We examined the role of boron stored in seeds in growth of rice seedlings in regard to its insensitivity to low boron condition. In experiments using seeds without the removal of the endosperm, the effect of low boron treatments (0.18 and 0.03 μM B) was not evident on growth of seedlings until 5 weeks from germination. Analysis of boron distribution among different organs in rice grain demonstrated that the endosperm contained 92% of total boron in brown rice and husks contained twice as much boron as the brown rice. To examine the role of boron stored in the endosperm, endosperm were removed 5 days after de-husking and imbibition and the plants were subjected to boron treatments. The growth of the plants without endosperm was much reduced after 10 days under the 0.03 μM boron compared with the plants grown with the normal level (18 μM B). With the normal level of boron supply, the growth did not differ between the plants with and without endosperm, suggesting that growth difference between seedlings with and without endosperm under low B condition is not due to lack of starch or proteins, but due to lack of boron stored in seeds. Tracer experiments confirmed that a substantial amount of B was supplied from the seed to the seedling and that B limitation increased the B supply from seeds to seedlings, especially to roots. Our results established that boron stored in seeds, principally in the endosperm, contributes significantly to the growth of rice seedlings when external boron supply is limited.     

Fungi of certain stored vegetable seeds in relation to pre- and post-emergence effects

A number of fungi were found associated with stored cauliflower, common bean, and pea seeds, but onlyHelminthosporium sp. on cauliflower,Fusarium sp. on common bean, andAlternaria sp. on pea were proved pathogenic. Artificial inoculation tests withHelminthosporium sp.,Fusarium sp., andAlternaria sp. resulted in 30, 16.6, and 26.6 % pre-emergence injuries to cauliflower, common bean, and pea respectively. Also, these fungi were responsible for considerable post-emergence mortality of seedlings.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Anzahl von Pilzen sind mit dem Samen von Karfiol, Bohnen und Erbsen vergesellschaftet gefunden worden.Helminthosporium sp. nur an Karfiol,Fusarium sp. nur an Bohnen undAlternaria sp. nur an Erbsen haben sich als pathogen erwiesen. Küristliche Einimpfung mitHelminthosporium sp.,Fusarium sp., undAlternaria sp. gab positive Resultate in 30, 16.6, und 26.6 % bezw. in Karfiol, Bohnen und Erbsen. Diese Pilzen waren auch für das Absterben junger Pflanzen verantwortlich.

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Portion of a thesis submitted by the senior author to the Agra University, Agra, India, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of M.Sc. (Ag.).     

Incidence of mites associated with stored seeds and food products in upper Egypt

A survey on mites associated with stored seeds, flour and foodstuffs in Fayoum Governorate, Upper Egypt, proved the occurrence of about 24 species. Of these, 15 species in 8 families belong to Prostigmata, 6 species in 3 families belong to Astigmata and 3 species in 2 families belong to Mesostigmata.Members of the families Cheyletidae and Acaridae were the most common mites, found in many samples. Those of Caligonellidae, Ascidae and Raphignathidae were fairly common, but occurred in fewer types of samples. No mites were found in samples of lupine and camomile.