Reduction of SIRT1 blunts the protective effects of ischemic post-conditioning in diabetic mice by impairing the Akt signaling pathway

Ischemic post-conditioning (IPO) activates Akt signaling to confer cardioprotection. The responsiveness of diabetic hearts to IPO is impaired. We hypothesized that decreased cardiac SIRT1, a positive regulator of Akt, may be responsible for the impaired responsiveness of diabetic hearts to IPO-mediated cardioprotection. High-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were subjected to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R, 30 min ischemia and 180 min reperfusion) or IPO (three cycles of 10 s of reperfusion and ischemia at the onset of reperfusion). Adenoviral vectors encoding GFP or SIRT1 (Ad-SIRT1) were administered by direct injection into the left ventricular. Our results showed that IPO activated the Akt signaling pathway and reduced MI/R injury in non-diabetic hearts but not in diabetic hearts, in which reduced expression of SIRT1 and increased Akt acetylation were observed. Delivery of Ad-SIRT1 into the diabetic hearts reduced Akt acetylation and restored the cardioprotective effects of IPO by modulating Akt signaling pathway. In contrast, cardiac-specific SIRT1 knockout increased Akt acetylation and blunted the cardioprotective effects of IPO. In in vitro study, transfection with wild-type SIRT1 but not inactive mutant SIRT1 reduced the expression of Akt acetylation and restored the protective effects of hypoxic post-conditioning in high glucose-incubated cardiomyocytes. Moreover, the cardiomyocytes transfected with constitutive Akt acetylation showed repressed Akt phosphorylation and blunted protective effects against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. These findings demonstrate that the reduction of SIRT1 blunts the protective effects of IPO by impairing Akt signaling pathway and that SIRT1 up-regulation restores IPO-mediated cardioprotection in diabetic mice via deacetylation-dependent activation of Akt signaling pathway.     

SIRT1 gene, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in the Japanese population: an association study

Several lines of evidence suggest that alterations in circadian rhythms might be associated with the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BP). A recent study reported that SIRT1 is a molecule that plays an important role in the circadian clock system. Therefore, to evaluate the association among the SIRT1 gene, schizophrenia and BP, we conducted a case-control study of Japanese population samples (1158 schizophrenia patients, 1008 BP patients and 2127 controls) with four tagging SNPs (rs12778366, rs2273773, rs4746720 and rs10997875) in the SIRT1 gene. Marker-trait association analysis was used to evaluate the allele and the genotype association with the χ(2) test, and haplotype association analysis was evaluated with a likelihood ratio test. We showed an association between rs4746720 in the SIRT1 gene and schizophrenia in the allele and the genotype analysis. However, the significance of these associations did not survive after Bonferroni's correction for multiple testing. On the other hand, the SIRT1 gene was associated with Japanese schizophrenia in a haplotype-wise analysis (global P(all markers) = 4.89 × 10(-15)). Also, four tagging SNPs in the SIRT1 gene were not associated with BP. In conclusion, the SIRT1 gene may play an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia in the Japanese population.     

Glycogen accumulation in adipocyte precursors from elderly and obese subjects triggers inflammation via SIRT1/6 signaling

Dysfunctional adipocyte precursors have emerged as key determinants for obesity‐ and aging‐related inflammation, but the mechanistic basis remains poorly understood. Here, we explored the dysfunctional adipose tissue of elderly and obese individuals focusing on the metabolic and inflammatory state of human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hASCs), and on sirtuins, which link metabolism and inflammation. Both obesity and aging impaired the differentiation potential of hASCs but had a different impact on their proliferative capacity. hASCs from elderly individuals (≥65 years) showed an upregulation of glycolysis‐related genes, which was accompanied by increased lactate secretion and glycogen storage, a phenotype that was exaggerated by obesity. Multiplex protein profiling revealed that the metabolic switch to glycogenesis was associated with a pro‐inflammatory secretome concomitant with a decrease in the protein expression of SIRT1 and SIRT6. siRNA‐mediated knockdown of SIRT1 and SIRT6 in hASCs from lean adults increased the expression of pro‐inflammatory and glycolysis‐related markers, and enforced glycogen deposition by overexpression of protein targeting to glycogen (PTG) led to a downregulation of SIRT1/6 protein levels, mimicking the inflammatory state of hASCs from elderly subjects. Overall, our data point to a glycogen‐SIRT1/6 signaling axis as a driver of age‐related inflammation in adipocyte precursors.     

辛伐他汀通过上调sirt1抵抗氧化低密度脂蛋白诱导的内皮细胞衰老

目的:探讨辛伐他汀对氧化低密度脂蛋白诱导的内皮细胞衰老的作用及其可能机制.方法:体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,给予不同浓度(0、25、50、100 μg/ml)氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)培养24小时,观察细胞β-半乳糖苷酶染色及SIRT1蛋白表达的变化;给予不同浓度辛伐他汀(1、5、10 μmol/L)预处理内皮细胞l小时后加入100μg/ml ox-LDL培养人脐静脉内皮细胞23小时,检测细胞β-半乳糖苷酶染色及SIRT1蛋白表达的变化.结果:随着ox-LDL作用浓度的增加,细胞内β-半乳糖苷酶染色的阳性细胞百分率逐渐升高,与空白对照组相比差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),在ox-LDL(100 μg/mll)组达到最高,显著高于ox-LDL(25 μg/ml)组(P＜0.001).而不同浓度ox-LDL处理的细胞内SIRT1的表达较空白对照组相比逐渐下降,ox-LDL(50、100 μg/ml)组SIRT1的表达显著低于ox-LDL(25 μg/ml)组(P＜0.05).10 μmol/L辛伐他汀预处理能明显降低100μg/ml ox-LDL处理的内皮细胞内β-半乳糖苷酶染色的阳性细胞百分率(P＜0.001),并显著抑制细胞内SIRT1的蛋白表达(P＜0.001).结论:辛伐他汀可以抵抗ox-LDL诱导的内皮细胞衰老,可能与增加内皮细胞内SIRT1的表达有关.     

SIRT1 and SIRT5 activity expression and behavioral responses to calorie restriction

To investigate the effects of calorie restriction (CR) on behavioral performance and expression of SIRT1 and SIRT5 in rat cerebral tissues. Beginning at 18 months of age, 60 rats were randomly divided into a CR group (n = 30) and a group that remained fed ad libitum (AL; n = 30). CR rats were restricted to a diet of 60% of their daily food consumption. After 6 months of CR, CR rats displayed a maximum 50% reduction in escape latency (AL 20 ± 0.3 s vs. CR 10 ± 0.2 s) and a 3.2 s decrease in time and distance to target when evaluated in Morris water maze tests. The levels of SIRT1 and SIRT5 protein in cerebral tissues of CR rats were elevated compared to AL rats (P < 0.05). CR retarded declines in cognitive ability and enhanced the expression of both SIRT1 and SIRT5 proteins in the cerebral tissue of CR rats compared with AL rats.     

Sirt基因家族及其对细胞寿命的调节

在酵母、线虫和果蝇中,Sir2基因家族是寿命调节的关键因子。哺乳动物的Sirt基因家族在进化上与Sir2基因高度同源,共有7个成员。Sir2基因调节酵母寿命的机理已比较清楚。而哺乳动物Sirt基因,特别是Sirt1基因与细胞衰老的关系正在成为新的研究热点。最近的研究表明,在热量限制或氧化逆境条件下,SIRT1蛋白主要是通过以下3个途径影响细胞寿命:一是SIRT1蛋白抑制PPAR-γ减少细胞的脂质过氧化的损伤;二是SIRT1蛋白通过调控p53的活性影响细胞寿命;三是SIRT1蛋白通过调控FOXO的信号通路,启动细胞的抗氧化途径。进一步研究Sirt基因家族对揭示哺乳动物寿命之谜具有重要的科学意义。     

TGF-beta1 基因rs200482214 位点多态性与黑龙江省汉族人群慢性牙周炎的相关性研究

目的:探讨转移生长因子β1(transforminggrowth factor beta-l,TGF-β1)位点rs200482214基因多态性与黑龙江省汉族人群慢性牙周炎的易感性的相关性。方法:选取2012年3月至2013年7月在哈尔滨医科大学附属口腔医院牙周科就诊的135例轻、中、重度慢性牙周炎汉族患者(牙周炎组)和108例汉族健康对照者(健康对照组)作为研究对象,基因组DNA来自口腔颊粘膜拭子,采用多重单碱基延伸SNP分型技术(Multiplex SNaPshot technique)对所有受试者TGF-β1基因rs200482214位点进行检测,比较两组间此位点基因型分布和等位基因频率的差异。结果:(1)TGF-β1基因rs200482214位点各基因型(GG、GA、AA)分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律(P>0.05);(2)TGF-β1基因rs200482214位点GG、GA、AA在牙周炎组和健康对照组的分布频率分别为61.5%、30.4%、8.1%和63.0%、28.7%、8.3%,两组人群基因型分布频率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);等位基因G、A在牙周炎组和健康对照组分布频率分别为76.7%、23.3%和77.3%、22.7%,两组人群的等位基因分布频率差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:TGF-β1位点rs200482214基因多态性与黑龙江省汉族人群慢性牙周炎的易感性不具有相关性。     

Function of SIRT1 in physiology

Sirtuins were originally defined as a family of oxidized nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD⁺)-dependent enzymes that deacetylate lysine residues on various proteins. The sirtuins are remarkably conserved throughout evolution from archae to eukaryotes. They were named after their homology to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene silent information regulator 2 (Sir2). The mammalian sirtuins, SIRT1-7, are implicated in a variety of cellular functions ranging from gene silencing, control of the cell cycle and apoptosis, and energy homeostasis. As SIRT1 is a nuclear protein and is the mammalian homolog most highly related to Sir2, it has been the focus of a large number of recent studies. Here we review some of the current data related to SIRT1 and discuss its mode of action and biological role in cellular and organismal models. Published in Russian in Biokhimiya, 2009, Vol. 74, No. 7, pp. 869–876.     

ABCB1 基因单核苷酸多态性rs2235048 与氯吡格雷抵抗的相关关系

目的:探讨ABCB1基因单核苷酸多态位点rs2235048在中国汉族人群中的分布及其与氯吡格雷抵抗(Clopidogrelresistance,CR)发生的相关关系。方法:采用光学比浊法测定20μmol/L ADP诱导的残余血小板聚集率(Residual plateletagglutination,RPA)。当RPA≥70%时,即为CR。所有入选患者分为CR组和氯吡格雷非抵抗组(Non-clopidogrel resistance,NCR)。采用焦磷酸测序法测定ABCB1基因rs2235048单核苷酸多态位点在CR组和NCR组的基因型及等位基因分布频率。结果:ABCB1基因rs2235048多态在CR组和NCR组基因型分布频率符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。在CR组和NCR组中,ABCB1基因rs2235048多态的基因型频率分布无统计学差异(P=0.527,X2=1.281);T、C等位基因频率在两组间分布频率也没有统计学差异(P=0.740,OR=0.958,95%CI=0.742～1.236)。结论:对PCI术后服用氯吡格雷的冠心病患者进行分析发现,ABCB1基因单核苷酸多态位点rs2235048与冠心病患者CR的发生无相关关系。     

SIRT1 and circadian gene expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Effect of starvation

Pancreatic cancer (PC), the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths, is characterized by high aggressiveness and resistance to chemotherapy. Pancreatic carcinogenesis is kept going by derangement of essential cell processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism and autophagy, characterized by rhythmic variations with 24-h periodicity driven by the biological clock. We assessed the expression of the circadian genes ARNLT, ARNLT2, CLOCK, PER1, PER2, PER3, CRY1, CRY2 and the starvation-activated histone/protein deacetylase SIRT1 in 34 matched tumor and non-tumor tissue specimens of PC patients, and evaluated in PC derived cell lines if the modulation of SIRT1 expression through starvation could influence the temporal pattern of expression of the circadian genes. We found a significant down-regulation of ARNLT (p?=?0.015), CRY1 (p?=?0.013), CRY2 (p?=?0.001), PER1 (p?<?0.0001), PER2 (p?<?0.001), PER3 (p?=?0.001) and SIRT1 (p?=?0.017) in PC specimens. PER3 and CRY2 expression levels were lower in patients with jaundice at diagnosis (?<?0.05). Having adjusted for age, adjuvant therapy and tumor stage, we evidenced that patients with higher PER2 and lower SIRT1 expression levels showed lower mortality (p?=?0.028). Levels and temporal patterns of expression of many circadian genes and SIRT1 significantly changed upon serum starvation in vitro, with differences among four different PC cell lines examined (BXPC3, CFPAC, MIA-PaCa-2 and PANC-1). Serum deprivation induced changes of the overall mean level of the wave and amplitude, lengthened or shortened the cycle time and phase-advanced or phase-delayed the rhythmic oscillation depending on the gene and the PC cell line examined. In conclusion, a severe deregulation of expression of SIRT1 and circadian genes was evidenced in the cancer specimens of PC patients, and starvation influenced gene expression in PC cell lines, suggesting that the altered interplay between SIRT1 and the core circadian proteins could represent a crucial player in the process of pancreatic carcinogenesis.     

Reduced expression of SIRT1 is associated with diminished glucose-induced insulin secretion in islets from calorie-restricted rats

Alterations in food intake such as caloric restriction modulate the expression of SIRT1 and SIRT4 proteins that are involved in pancreatic β-cell function. Here, we search for a possible relationship between insulin secretion and the expression of SIRT1, SIRT4, PKC and PKA in islets from adult rats submitted to CR for 21 days. Rats were fed with an isocaloric diet (CTL) or received 60% (CR) of the food ingested by CTL. The dose-response curve of insulin secretion to glucose was shifted to the right in the CR compared with CTL islets (EC₅₀ of 15.1±0.17 and 10.5±0.11 mmol/L glucose). Insulin release by the depolarizing agents arginine and KCl was reduced in CR compared with CTL islets. Total islet insulin content and glucose oxidation were also reduced in CR islets. Leucine-stimulated secretion was similar in both groups, slightly reduced in CR islets stimulated by leucine plus glutamine but higher in CR islets stimulated by ketoisocaproate (KIC). Insulin secretion was also higher in CR islets stimulated by carbachol, compared with CTL islets. No differences in the rise of cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentrations stimulated by either glucose or KCl were observed between groups of islets. Finally, SIRT1, but not SIRT4, protein expression was lower in CR compared with CTL islets, whereas no differences in the expression of PKC and PKA proteins were observed. In conclusion, the lower insulin secretion in islets from CR rats was, at least in part, due to an imbalance between the expression of SIRT1 and SIRT4.     

Polymorphism of growth hormone gene and its association with seminal and sexual behavioral traits in crossbred cattle

The decline in the male reproductive ability in terms of sexual behavior and seminal traits might lead to nonavailability of required number of bulls in a progeny testing program. The present study was conducted in 493 crossbred cattle (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) bulls to study polymorphisms of growth hormone (GH) gene and its association with seminal and sexual behavioral characteristics. A 428-base pair fragment of GH gene spanning over the fourth exon, fourth intron, and fifth exon was amplified and digested with AluI restriction enzyme. Bulls were found to be polymorphic, with two variants, LL and LV, and higher genotypic frequency for LL being 0.88. Twelve nucleotide changes and a single nonsynonymous substitution of Leucine by Valine were observed from GH1 (L) to GH2 (V). Statistical analysis revealed that the genotype of the GH gene had a significant effect on libido score, reaction time, Flehmen response, requirement of mounting stimulus, sperm mass activity, number of semen doses per collection, individual fresh sperm motility, postthaw sperm motility, acrosome integrity, hypo-osmotic swelling test, live and dead count, total morphological abnormality, and head abnormality of sperm in crossbred bulls. Growth hormone gene might be considered a candidate gene for seminal and sexual behavioral traits in crossbred cattle.     

SIRT1 is upregulated in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma,and its inhibition induces growth arrest and apoptosis

Silent information regulator type-1 (SIRT1) is the best-studied member of the Sirtuin (Sir2) family of nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent class III histone deacetylases (HDACs), but has not yet been explored in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). We analyzed five CTCL cell lines and lesional tissues using flow cytometry, immunostaining, immunoblotting, cell death, viability, and apoptosis assays, small-molecule inhibitors, and shRNA knockdown. We found strong SIRT1 expression among CTCL lines relative to normal lymphocytes. CTCL cells in lesional tissues also expressed SIRT1 strongly. SIRT1 knockdown resulted in reduced cellular metabolism and proliferation, increased apoptosis, and PARP cleavage products. Tenovin-1, which reversibly inhibits class III HDACs (SIRT1 and SIRT2), reduced SIRT enzymatic activity and SIRT1 expression and led to increased apoptosis. These alterations were accompanied by increased forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) in several cell lines and increased nuclear p53, as well as acetylated p53 in wtp53 MyLa CTCL line. A combination of class I/II and class III HDACIs (vorinostat and tenovin-1) produced significantly greater growth inhibition, cell death via apoptosis, as well as superior p53 promoter upregulation in wtp53 MyLa cells as compared with either agent alone. This occurred in a partially p53-dependent manner, as these effects were blunted by p53 knockdown. Our results indicate that SIRT1 is strongly expressed in CTCL. Its inhibition results in reduced growth and increased apoptosis of CTCL cells. Furthermore, our findings suggest that some CTCL patients, such as those with wtp53, might benefit more from treatment with a combination of different classes of HDACIs than with a single agent.     

First microsatellite markers developed and applied for the genetic diversity study and population structure of Didymella pisi associated with ascochyta blight of dry pea in Montana

Didymella pisi is the predominant causal pathogen of ascochyta blight of dry pea causing yield losses in Montana, where 415 000 acres were planted to dry pea in 2018. Thirty-three microsatellite markers were developed for dry pea pathogenic fungus, Didymella pisi, these markers were used to analyze genetic diversity and population structure of 205 isolates from four different geographical regions of Montana. These loci produced a total of 216 alleles with an average of 1.63 alleles per microsatellite marker. The polymorphic information content values ranged from 0.020 to 0.990 with an average of 0.323. The average observed heterozygosity across all loci varied from 0.000 to 0.018. The gene diversity among the loci ranged from 0.003 to 0.461. Unweighted Neighbor-joining and population structure analysis grouped these 205 isolates into two major sub-groups. The clusters did not match the geographic origin of the isolates. Analysis of molecular variance showed 85 % of the total variation within populations and only 15 % among populations. There was moderate genetic variation in the total populations (PhiPT = 0.153). Information obtained from this study could be useful as a base to design strategies for improved management such as breeding for resistance to ascochyta blight of dry pea in Montana.     

小鼠脑部SIRT1与IR受体的共定位

目的组蛋白去乙酰化酶1（SIRT1）是一种NAD依赖的组蛋白去乙酰化酶,参与中枢神经系统复杂的生理过程。最近研究显示其参与外周组织糖原的代谢过程及胰岛素分泌。在成年C57BL／6小鼠脑部,探讨组蛋白去乙酰化酶1（SIRT1）与胰岛素受体（IR）是否存在共定位,为揭示SIRT1与IR之间的联系及其可能起到的调控作用提供形态学依据。方法应用免疫荧光双标技术研究SIRT1与胰岛素受体之间是否存在共定位,及其在脑组织中的分布情况。结果SIRT1表达于小鼠海马CAl区椎体细胞,主要在神经元中表达。免疫荧光双标染色重叠图片显示,SIRT1与IR存在共定位,且其主要分布在小鼠的海马区、皮层、下丘脑等部位。体外研究显示胰岛素调节SIRT1的表达。结论SIRT1主要表达于脑组织的神经元中,并与IR存在共定位现象。本研究结果为探讨SIRT1与IR在脑组织的生理及疾病过程中的调节机制提供了形态学依据。     

Concurrent regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase and SIRT1 in mammalian cells

We examined in HepG2 cells whether glucose-induced changes in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity could be mediated by SIRT1, an NAD⁺-dependent histone/protein deacetylase that has been linked to the increase in longevity caused by caloric restriction. Incubation with 25 vs. 5 mM glucose for 6 h concurrently diminished the phosphorylation of AMPK (Thr 172) and ACC (Ser 79), increased lactate release, and decreased the abundance and activity of SIRT1. In contrast, incubation with pyruvate (0.1 and 1 mM) for 2 h increased AMPK phosphorylation and SIRT1 abundance and activity. The putative SIRT1 activators resveratrol and quercetin also increased AMPK phosphorylation. None of the tested compounds (low or high glucose, pyruvate, and resveratrol) significantly altered the AMP/ATP ratio. Collectively, these findings raise the possibility that glucose-induced changes in AMPK are linked to alterations in SIRT1 abundance and activity and possibly cellular redox state.