树鼩脐带间充质干细胞与抗小鼠、人CD抗体的交叉反应性

目的观察树鼩的细胞是否与抗鼠或抗人的CD抗体反应。方法采树鼩外周血与小鼠的CD3、CD4、CD8抗体反应。再分离培养树鼩的脐带间充质干细胞,分别与抗小鼠的CD29-FITC、Sca-1-PE、CD90-PE反应,与抗人的CD44-FITC、CD29-FITC、CD13-FITC、CD34-FITC反应。结果树鼩外周血与小鼠的CD3、CD4、CD8抗体不发生反应,但树鼩的脐带间充质干细胞与抗小鼠的CD29-FITC抗体发生反应,阳性率为99.8﹪。树鼩的脐带间充质干细胞与抗人的CD44-FITC抗体发生反应,阳性率为99.7﹪。结论树鼩的外周血与小鼠的CD抗体不反应,但树鼩的脐带间充质干细胞与小鼠的CD29-FITC抗体和人的CD44-FITC抗体反应效果较好。     

云南树鼩生活习性的初步调查

树鼩(Tupaia glis)在国内医学上的应用日渐增多。为了给野生树鼩的驯养繁殖提供有用的资料,使我国的这种动物资源得到更有效地开发利用,我们于1982—1985年分别对云南禄劝县崇德公社和昆明市西山区谷律公社的野生树鼩进行了考察,并向当地群众作了     

树鼩(Tuapaia belangeri chinensis)的动脉

本文在对中国树鼩的动脉系作系统解剖的基础上,记述了树鼩动脉分支的主要特征。同时,还与其他有关种类作了比较研究。结果表明,中国树鼩动脉系的主要特征与树鼩科中的其他种类如笔尾树鼩、普通树鼩和地树鼩等的动脉系极为相似,而与灵长类中的猿猴类有较大差异。     

去卵巢法骨质疏松树鼩模型的建立

目的采用手术双侧卵巢去势法复制人绝经后骨质疏松树鼩模型。方法 100只雌性树鼩纳入实验,参照中华医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会2011年发布的《原发性骨质疏松症临床诊疗指南》(以下简称《指南》)诊断标准进行模型评价:1根据人自然寿命、性成熟时间、骨密度(BMD)峰值年龄及树鼩自然寿命、性成熟时间,推测树鼩BMD峰值月龄。随机抽取6、12、18、24月龄树鼩各6只行全身BMD检测,比较各月龄段BMD差异,验证树鼩BMD峰值月龄;2从余下的树鼩中随机抽取BMD峰值月龄段树鼩62只行BMD检测,确定树鼩BMD峰值均数与标准差。然后将其随机分为模型组(n=32)与空白组(n=30),模型组手术切除双侧卵巢,空白组切除与卵巢等体积的大网膜,各组分别于术后3、6、9、12月时随机抽取6只行BMD检测,对BMD值符合《指南》诊断标准者取材行病理检测验证。结果 1 6、12、18、24月龄段受测树鼩BMD峰值分别为(0.138±0.012)、(0.143±0.010)、(0.141±0.009)、(0.139±0.009)g/cm~2,各月龄树鼩BMD峰值差异无显著性(P0.05);2树鼩BMD峰值均数为(0.143±0.016)g/cm~2;3模型组各时相点BMD值符合《指南》诊断标准的树鼩的数量分别为0、5、4、5只,其胫骨近端病理切片与6月龄树鼩比较:骨小梁稀疏、断裂,小梁间距增宽;空白组各时相点BMD值符合《指南》诊断标准的树鼩数量均为0,其胫骨近端病理切片与6月龄树鼩比较无异常。结论按《指南》诊断标准判断,6月龄雌性树鼩行双侧卵巢去势术后6月可复制出人绝经后骨质疏松模型,造模成功率较高,模型稳定。     

树鼩血压和心率的无创测定

目的建立健康树鼩的心率、血压正常值参考范围,并探讨不同来源、不同性别、不同年龄树鼩心率、血压的差异。方法随机挑选实验树鼩180只,按来源分为野生成年组、F1代自繁成年组和青幼年组三个组,每组雌雄各半,共60只。采用智能无创血压计（鼠仪）逐只测定HR（心率）、SBP（收缩压）、DBP（舒张压）和MBP（平均动脉压）。结果野生成年树鼩、自繁成年树鼩和青幼年树鼩心率分别为394.33±37.74 BPM、351.61±72.76 BPM和378.19±69.04 BPM,野生和自繁成年树鼩组差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。自繁成年树鼩收缩压、舒张压和平均动脉压均明显低于青幼年树鼩,差异有极显著性（P〈0.01）。野生成年树鼩和自繁成年树鼩相比,收缩压、舒张压和平均动脉压差异均无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论大鼠无创血压计适合于树鼩的血压、心率的测量。通过测定,获得了野生成年树鼩、F1代自繁成年树鼩和青幼年树鼩的心率和血压参考值范围,丰富了树鼩基础生理数据,可为相关研究提供科学参考。     

中国树鼩实验动物化研究进展和展望

该文回顾了我国树鼩驯养繁殖和研究的发展历史,介绍了树鼩实验动物化研究的最新进展,并结合我国目前的状况,提出了今后的工作建议:加强实验树鼩标准化(包括地方和国家标准)的研究、近交系动物的研制、达到商业化树鼩的基础分子与细胞生物学研究工具的研制、人类重大疾病树鼩动物模型研究和建设国家实验树鼩种源基地等。     

树鼩模型在人类病毒性疾病研究中的应用进展

由于树鼩在进化上接近于灵长类动物,在生理、生化及解剖学等生物学特性方面与人类有着相似之处,树鼩得到越来越多的关注,研究人员运用与其他动物相比具有多种优势的树鼩建立了一系列的疾病模型,如病毒类疾病、神经系统、肿瘤等,本文着重就树鼩在人类病毒疾病方面的研究进展进行概述。     

EV71病毒对树鼩原代肾上皮细胞感染模型的建立

目的建立EV71对树鼩原代肾细胞的感染模型。方法胰蛋白酶消化法获得树鼩的原代肾细胞,用EV71感染树鼩肾细胞,测定1、2、4、6和8 d培养上清病毒滴度,分别用Western blot和间接免疫荧光法检测细胞中EV71病毒VP1蛋白的表达,以确定EV71病毒对树鼩原代肾细胞的感染性。结果对分离得到的树鼩原代肾细胞进行传代纯化和形态鉴别,建立以树鼩原代肾细胞为主的细胞培养。用EV71病毒感染树鼩原代肾细胞,感染后48~96 h病毒滴度可达到1.3×10~6TCID_(50)/m L,说明EV71病毒可有效感染树鼩原代肾细胞并有效增殖。Western blot检测发现,EV71病毒VP1蛋白可在感染后2~8 d的树鼩原代肾细胞中有效检出,间接免疫荧光法则在感染后2~6 d细胞的细胞质中检测到病毒VP1蛋白的分布。结论在成功建立树鼩原代肾细胞培养的基础上,确定了EV71病毒对树鼩原代肾细胞的感染性和病毒增殖特性,初步建立了EV71树鼩原代肾细胞感染模型。     

树鼩的动物福利措施探讨

树鼩在生物学特性、生理生化、新陈代谢和基因组等方面近似于人类,被广泛应用于生理学、病理学、病毒学、免疫学、药理学及遗传学等多个领域。迄今为止用于生物医学研究的树鼩大部分来自野生,实验树鼩尚无国家质量控制标准。为了保证树鼩引种、驯化、饲养、繁殖、质量控制及福利的规范化和科学化,提高树鼩繁殖率和成活率,本文从兽医公共卫生及实验动物科学的角度,对野生树鼩的捕捉、运输、检疫、饲养及繁育等方面的基本原则及技术操作和福利要求作一简述,为从事树鼩工作的有关人员及树鼩实验动物化研究提供参考。     

树鼩进化分类地位的分子证据

树鼩隶属攀鼩目,广泛分布于东南亚、南亚和中国南部等地区。由于其独特的特点,如体型小、脑-体重比例高、生殖周期短、寿命短和饲养成本低等,在生物医学研究中被认为是可望替代灵长类动物的新型实验动物。然而,关于树鼩与灵长类动物的亲缘关系一直存在争议。明确树鼩的分类地位是创建实验动物的重要研究基础。该文介绍了近年来关于树鼩分类地位探讨的分子证据。在现有的研究中,大部分核DNA序列研究,包括近期树鼩全基因组序列分析,都支持树鼩是灵长动物的近缘旁系群,然而绝大部分基于线粒体DNA序列的研究却显示树鼩与啮齿动物的亲缘关系更为接近。这样的分歧主要是由于线粒体序列和核基因数据的差异以及不同的算法导致。综合现有不同DNA数据的研究结果,作者认为树鼩作为灵长类的近亲这一结论应该成为共识。     

Creating animal models,why not use the Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis)?

The Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis),a squirrel-like and rat-sized mammal,has a wide distribution in Southeast Asia,South and Southwest China and has many unique characteristics that make it suitable for use as an experimental animal.There have been many studies using the tree shrew (Tupaia belangen) aimed at increasing our understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms and for the modeling of human diseases and therapeutic responses.The recent release of a publicly available annotated genome sequence of the Chinese tree shrew and its genome database (www.treeshrewdb.org) has offered a solid base from which it is possible to elucidate the basic biological properties and create animal models using this species.The extensive characterization of key factors and signaling pathways in the immune and nervous systems has shown that tree shrews possess both conserved and unique features relative to primates.Hitherto,the tree shrew has been successfully used to create animal models for myopia,depression,breast cancer,alcohol-induced or non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases,herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections,to name a few.The recent successful genetic manipulation of the tree shrew has opened a new avenue for the wider usage of this animal in biomedical research.In this opinion paper,I attempt to summarize the recent research advances that have used the Chinese tree shrew,with a focus on the new knowledge obtained by using the biological properties identified using the tree shrew genome,a proposal for the genome-based approach for creating animal models,and the genetic manipulation of the tree shrew.With more studies using this species and the application of cutting-edge gene editing techniques,the tree shrew will continue to be under the spot light as a viable animal model for investigating the basis of many different human diseases.     

脑部刺激、镇痛药和电针穴位对刺激猫被盖外侧部引起的怒叫反应的影响

34只猫在浅麻醉下,以方波电刺激中脑“怒叫中枢”引起的叫反应为指标,观察到:镇痛药、电针穴位及脑部刺激对叫反应都有压抑作用,痛刺激使叫反应增强,多次单独刺激“怒叫中枢”叫反应均较恒定。提示这种叫反应与痛有关。     

北京地区实验树晌的饲养管理方法

树鼩作为低等灵长类动物,在生物学研究中的价值日益引起研究者重视,将其作为实验动物的实验需求越来越多。作为南方亚热带动物,树嗣如何适应北方地区的生活是北方地区将其用作实验动物的前提。本实验室探索出适宜树购居住的饲养笼具,确定了饲养环境温度、湿度、光照时间、噪声及通风等条件,制定了规范化的卫生管理标准,建立了北京地区长期人工培育树晌的饲养管理方法,为今后利用树嗣进行中医药病证结合动物模型的研究奠定了基础。     

Identification of the tree shrew ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and its expression in tissues

ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) modulates plasma levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), a cardiovascular protecting factor. Tree shrew was considered to be an animal protected from atherosclerosis characterized by high proportion of HDL in plasma. The cDNA clones and expression of tree shrew ABCA1 was identified using SMART-RACE and Real-Time PCR techniques respectively. The nucleotide sequence of tree shrew ABCA1 covered 7,762 bp, including a 6,786 bp coding region which encoded a 2,261 amino acids protein with the high identity to human ABCA1 (95%). Tree shrew ABCA1 was expressed in various tissues, the highest in lung, followed by liver, kidney, spleen and cardiac muscle in turn from high to medium expression levels. This pattern was partially different from that of human ABCA1 which was low in kidney and cardiac muscle. This work could shed new light on its role of ABCA1 in the distinctive HDL metabolism in tree shrew.     

树鼩资源的开发利用与标准化研究——我国实验动物资源建设发展战略探讨

树鼩（Tupaia belangeri）作为人类疾病动物模型,被应用于人类医学实验研究的多个领域,如各种类型的病毒性肝炎模型,流感病毒、登革热病毒、轮状病毒、疱疹病毒模型,糖尿病、胆结石、癌症病模型。但是,目前我国用于实验研究的树鼩几乎全都来自野外,对它们的微生物学、寄生虫学、遗传学、环境学等质量标准没有进行控制,它们本身携带的许多病原体会对实验结果的准确性造成影响,这既不符合国家对实验动物许可证管理的要求,也不利于我国实验动物科技工作与国际接轨的发展要求。因此,应该同步开展树鼩资源的开发利用和标准研究,使之纳入实验动物许可证的有效监控和管理,改变目前使用在前、质量控制标准研究在后的被动局面。     

Stress analgesia in experimental burn shock

Experiments with curarized and slightly anesthetised adult cats with burn shock have demonstrated pronounced depression of excitation transmission in associative and nonspecific afferent systems during somatic, sound and light stimulation. Effects controlling the activity of the cardiovascular system were facilitated in efferent systems. In white rats, burn shock led to an increase in the somatic and visceral pain threshold during the first 5 days. Rausedyl and naloxone reduced stress analgesia caused by burn shock in white rats. Burn shock enhanced opiate-like activity (beta-endorphine, beta-lipotropin) of the white rat forebrain as shown by radioimmunoassay. The data suggest that stress analgesia associated with experimental burn shock is likely to be accounted for by the increased production of endogenous opiates.     

Motor Function in MPTP-Treated Tree Shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis)

The tree shrew, a new experimental animal model, has been used to study a variety of diseases, especially diseases of the nervous system. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is the gold standard for toxin-based animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) because MPTP treatment replicates almost all of the pathological hallmarks of PD. Therefore, in this study, the effects of MPTP on the motor function of the tree shrew were examined. After five daily injections of a 3 mg/kg dose of MPTP, the motor function of MPTP-injected tree shrews decreased significantly, and the classic Parkinsonian symptoms of action and resting tremor, bradykinesia, posture abnormalities, and gait instability were observed in most MPTP-injected tree shrews. HPLC results also showed significantly reduced striatal dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in tree shrews after MPTP injection. Increased oxidative stress levels are usually considered to be the cause of dopaminergic neuron depletion in the presence of MPTP and were observed in the substantia nigra of MPTP-treated tree shrews, as indicated by a significant reduction in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity and increased levels of malondialdehyde. In addition, elevated α-synuclein mRNA levels in the midbrain of MPTP-treated tree shrews were observed. Furthermore, MPTP-treated tree shrews showed the classic Parkinsonian symptoms at a lower MPTP dosage compared with other animal models. Thus, the MPTP-treated tree shrew may be a potential animal model for studying the pathogenesis of PD.     

Evaluating the Phylogenetic Position of Chinese Tree Shrew （Tupaia belangeri chinensis） Based on Complete Mitochondrial Genome： Implication for Using Tree Shrew as an Alternative Experimental Animal to Primates in Biomedical Research

Tree shrew(Tupaia belangeri) is currently placed in Order Scandentia and has a wide distribution in Southeast Asia and Southwest China.Due to its unique characteristics,such as small body size,high brain-to-body mass ratio,short reproductive cycle and life span,and low-cost of maintenance,tree shrew has been proposed to be an alternative experimental animal to primates in biomedical research.However,there are some debates regarding the exact phylogenetic affinity of tree shrew to primates.In this study,we determined the mtDNA entire genomes of three Chinese tree shrews(T.belangeri chinensis) and one Malayan flying lemur(Galeopterus variegatus).Combined with the published data for species in Euarchonta,we intended to discern the phylogenetic relationship among representative species of Dermoptera,Scandentia and Primates.The mtDNA genomes of Chinese tree shrews and Malayan flying lemur shared similar gene organization and structure with those of other mammals.Phylogenetic analysis based on 12 concatenated mitochondrial proteinencoding genes revealed a closer relationship between species of Scandentia and Glires,whereas species of Dermoptera were clustered with Primates.This pattern was consistent with previously reported phylogeny based on mtDNA data,but differed from the one reconstructed on the basis of nuclear genes.Our result suggested that the matrilineal affinity of tree shrew to primates may not be as close as we had thought.The ongoing project for sequencing the entire genome of Chinese tree shrew will provide more information to clarify this important issue.     

树鼩(Tupaia glis)在恒定光照条件下的近似昼夜运动性活动节律

根据“Aschoff rule”,昼行性动物近似昼夜节律周期的长度和光照强度呈负相关,活动时间与休息时间的比率以及活动量均与光照强度呈正相关。而夜行性动物的情况则相反(比宁,1964;Aschoff,1959,1960;Sollberger,1965)。这在爬行动物、鱼、鸟以及夜间活动的哺乳类已得到了肯定的证实,但对一些白天活动的哺乳类还不清楚。到目前为止,检查了7种白天活动的灵长类动物均不符合这条规律(Tokura et al.,1978,1979,1980)。