“再野化”:山水林田湖草生态保护修复的新思路

作为一种新兴的生态保护修复方法，“再野化”（rewilding）是指特定区域中荒野程度的提升过程，尤其强调提升生态系统韧性和维持生物多样性。再野化实践的核心要素包括保护核心荒野地、增加荒野地的连通性、保护和重引入关键种（包括大型食肉动物）、适度允许自然干扰的发生、降低人类干扰和管理程度、拆除部分人工基础设施等。评述了北美洲和欧洲的再野化实践。通过比较研究，提出基于再野化的我国山水林田湖草生态保护修复的新思路，包括战略层面的5项转变和行动层面的5项建议。5项战略转变，包括从还原论思维转向整体思维、从工程性修复转向保护优先和自然恢复为主、从项目尺度转向景观尺度、从短期试点转向长期实践、从政府主导转向多方参与；5项行动建议，包括开展荒野和再野化基础调查、保护仅存的高价值荒野地、探索“城-乡-野”系统性再野化途径、以荒野保护区和再野化区域为核心建立大尺度景观保护网络、开展基于再野化的生态体验和自然教育。

Rewilding: New ideas for ecological protection and restoration projects of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands

Rewilding is an emerging new approach for ecological protection and restoration, and refers to the increase in wildness in specific landscapes, with particular emphasis on improving ecosystem resilience and maintaining biodiversity. The core elements of rewilding projects can include protecting core wilderness areas, enhancing connectivity of wilderness areas, conserving and reintroducing keystone species (including large carnivores), allowing natural disturbances, reducing human intervention and management, and removing artificial infrastructure. This paper introduces the rewilding practices in North America and Europe, and through comparison, posits several new ideas for China''s ecological protection and restoration projects of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands based around the rewilding concept. These ideas include five strategic changes, including:conversion from reductionist thinking to systematic thinking, promotion of protection and natural restoration over engineering remediation, from project-scale to landscape-scale, from short-term pilot to long-term practice, and from government-led to multi-participation projects. Additionally, five actionable recommendations are proposed, including conducting basic investigation of wilderness and rewilding, protecting remaining high-value wilderness areas, exploring the rewilding approaches used in different regions, establishing large-scale landscape conservation networks with wilderness and rewilded areas as the core, and to promote ecological experiences and nature education activities based on rewilding.