地震对山地生态系统的影响——以5.12汶川大地震为例

地震是人类面临的主要自然灾难之一，其对于自然生态系统也有着巨大的影响。地震往往会导致生态系统发生退化，尤其自身比较脆弱的山地生态系统。以5．12汶川大地震为例，系统总结了山区地震的基本特点，综述了地震对于典型山地生态系统、生物多样性、山地景观以及区域生态安伞的影响。地震对于山地生态系统可能会产生直接的影响（损毁动植物、破坏栖息地、改变水文过程），也可能产生间接的影响（污染环境、改变动植物习性、影响生物化学循环）。无论是直接还是间接影响，都是以地震对山地生态系统地形地貌的改变为主导。山区由于地震而引发的次生灾害对于山地生态系统的影响也非常显著。建议应该加强有关地震对山地生态系统影响方面的研究，并指出了围绕此次5．12汶川大地震，应该重点开展的几个研究方向。

A review of the impacts of earthquake on mountain ecosystems: taking 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake as an example

Earthquake is among major natural disasters faced by human being and may lead to extensive ecological degradation. Studying its impacts on natural ecosystems constitutes a significant challenge and published results on this respect are quite limited. By reviewing the literatures and using the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake as an example, we attempt to analyze the main characteristic effects of the earthquake on mountain areas and review the impacts of earthquake on mountain ecosystems, biodiversity, landscape and ecological security. Earthquakes may directly destroy vegetation and wildlife habitats and alter functions and hydrological processes of ecological systems. On the other hand, earthquakes may also result in indirect impacts on environment, i.e., environmental pollution, behavioral and physiological changes of animals and changes in biogeochemistry cycle. Although damages caused by earthquakes vary among different ecosystems, earthquakes affect mountain ecosystems mainly by reshaping landforms and land physiognomy on which all life rely. The numerous secondary geo-hazards, such as rock avalanches, rock flows, landslides and debris flows, may lead to serious damage to and/or loss of vegetation. However, due to the lack of detailed researches, the changes in the functions and process of the ecosystems following earthquakes are still not clearly understood. Thus, it is necessary to collect the in-situ data, monitor the long-term environmental changes, and probe into theories and approaches about ecological restoration in quake-hit areas. Several potential fields for future researches about the ecological effects of 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake are suggested.