农业景观异质性对生物多样性与生态系统服务的影响研究进展

农业景观是人类生活所需资料的最主要来源地,农业景观及其提供的生物多样性和生态系统服务是影响人类福祉的最主要因素之一。系统梳理了景观异质性变化对生物多样性和生态系统服务影响的相关研究,总结指出:(1)农业景观格局变化会强烈的影响着区域生物多样性和生态系统服务,但总体上更关注了空间异质性,对于时间和功能异质性的研究仍需加强;(2)尺度效应、大尺度上景观背景的差异、种间差异、营养级联效应等会对景观异质性和生物多样性、生态系统服务间的关系产生显著的、综合的、交互的影响效应。未来区域农业景观中如何通过景观构建和管理措施的施行来确保生物多样性与生态系统服务供给的持续稳定仍需进一步加强以下内容的研究:景观异质性变化在时间上和功能上的影响效应及其阈值的探讨;跨尺度、多因素、多物种类群与多生态系统服务的综合及其交互作用;不同生物类群和不同生态系统服务间的权衡;景观异质性提高与有效生境面积下降及其引起的生物随机丧失间的权衡等问题。

Impact of agricultural landscape heterogeneity on biodiversity and ecosystem services

Biodiversity and ecosystem services, a frontier and hotspot of international ecology and geography research, are key to realizing the healthy development of regional ecosystems. The well-being and survival of humanity depend upon the stability and sustainability of services provided by the agricultural landscape. This study systematically reviewed research on the effects of landscape heterogeneity on biodiversity and ecosystem services. We found that changes in the agricultural landscape pattern strongly impact regional biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, previous studies have focused more on spatial heterogeneity; research on the temporal and functional heterogeneity of landscapes still needs to be strengthened. In addition, the scale effects, differences in the large-scale landscape context, interspecific differences, and trophic cascade effects have significant, comprehensive, and interactive effects on the relationships between landscape heterogeneity and biodiversity and ecosystem services. In the future, research on how to ensure a stable and sustainable supply of biodiversity and ecosystem services through the methods of landscape reconstruction and agricultural landscape management at the regional scale should be further strengthened. Specifically, four potential limitations to further expansion must be addressed, including the effects of temporal and functional heterogeneity on biodiversity, ecosystem services and their thresholds at the landscape scale; the cross-scale, multi-factor, multi-species, and multi-scale integration and interactions; the trade-offs of different biological groups and different ecosystem services; and the trade-offs between improving landscape heterogeneity and decreasing the effective habitat area, as well as the loss of biodiversity caused by declining habitat area.