特大型城市生态文明建设评价指标体系及应用——以武汉市为例

特大型城市是我国社会、经济、文化和人口的中心,也是我国资源环境问题最为突出的地方之一。由于特大型城市与中小城市资源环境问题存在差异,特大型城市之间生态环境问题和生态文明建设的状态也存在相似之处,建立反映特大型城市资源环境问题特征的生态文明评价指标体系,依据评价结论,指导特大型生态文明建设十分必要。以服务于特大型城市生态文明建设为目标,在对特大型城市发展状态和特大型城市资源环境问题与社会经济发展突出矛盾分析的基础上,建立了包括有生态环境健康度、资源环境消耗强度、面源污染治理效率和居民生活宜居度等4个方面,共20个指标的特大型城市生态文明评价指标体系,并以各个指标对应的国家标准、政策和规划要求,以及相关研究确立的指标发展目标为依据,对武汉市2006—2011年生态文明建设完成情况进行了评价。依据评价结果,指出武汉市要从以下方面加强生态文明建设:一要控制空气中可吸入颗粒物含量,降低大气中硫化物含量,控制污水排放规模和噪音污染,循环利用废水资源;二要实施总量和强度"双控"政策,显著降低单位GDP的能耗、废气排放量和工业固体排放量;三要提高城市生活污水和生活垃圾的治理能力,循环利用可再生的城市生活"矿产";四要提高森林覆盖率和建城区绿化率,降低人口密度,解决城市住房和交通拥挤问题。

An evaluation index system for ecological civilization construction in megacities and its research applications: the case of Wuhan City

Striving to develop an ecological civilization is a grand strategy of the Communist Party of China to achieve harmonious development of the social economy and of resources and the environment. The strategy is an aggressive response to the grim reality that the social economy is being developed at the cost of resources and the environment. As a focal center of society, the economy, culture, and population, the megacity in China is a place where the issue of resources and environments is foregrounded. Therefore, the construction of an ecological civilization in a megacity has a particularly important role to play in the overall strategy of developing China''s ecological civilization. Though issues relating to resources and environments are different in megacities compared with mid-sized and small cities, within the different megacities there are commonalities in terms of the ecological environment and the current status of ecological civilization construction. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop an evaluation index system for ecological civilization construction that reflects the particular features of issues pertaining to resources and environments in megacities. This would enable the construction of an ecological civilization at this mega scale in alignment with the evaluation results. Our paper focuses on ecological civilization construction in megacities. Based on our analysis of the current status of megacities and the prominent contradictions that exist between issues relating to resources and environments and socioeconomic development, we established an index system for evaluating ecological civilization in megacities. This system includes 20 indicators, covering the following four aspects: the degree of ecological and environmental health, consumption intensity of resources and environments, efficiency of non-point pollution governance, and residential livability. Considering national standards, policy and planning requirements for each indicator, and the development goal of each indicator established through correlational research, we evaluated the performance of ecological civilization construction efforts during the period from 2006 to 2011 in Wuhan. Our evaluation results show that Wuhan should take pertinent countermeasures regarding ecological protection, conservation of resources and energy, non-point pollution regulation, and livable city construction to push forward its efforts to construct an ecological civilization. These countermeasures include the following: (1) Wuhan should further control levels of inhalable particles, reduce the sulfide level in the atmosphere, recycle waste water resources, control the scale of sewage discharge, and control noise pollution in urban areas. (2) The city should markedly reduce energy consumption, exhaust emissions, and industrial solid waste emissions per unit of GDP, and should pay more attention to controlling their total amounts and intensity. (3) Abilities to regulate and comprehensively utilize the city''s domestic sewage and household garbage should be improved, and renewable "mineral products" arising from urban living should be recycled. (4) Special efforts should be made to improve the percentage of forest coverage and the urban greening rate, to reduce population density, and to resolve issues of housing and traffic congestion.