海洋岛屿生物多样性保育研究进展

海洋岛屿生态系统因具有明显的海域地理隔离而区别于陆地生态系统,被誉为生物地理与进化生态学研究的"天然实验室".陆地或其它邻近岛屿的种源物种迁移到新的岛屿后,经历地理隔离、特征置换或适应辐射等一系列的岛屿进化过程,形成与种源物种具有显著遗传差异的岛屿特有种.岛屿在小面积范围内分化形成大量的特有种,是岛屿生物多样性最为重要的特点之一.但是,岛屿种群由于分布范围局限、生境脆弱且种群规模较小,岛屿种群较陆地种群具有更高的灭绝风险.本文通过对海洋岛屿物种的起源与演化、遗传结构以及岛屿物种的濒危与保护3个热点问题的讨论,阐述岛屿生物多样性的形成机制、濒危肇因以及岛屿生物多样性保育的重要性.

Conservation of oceanic island biodiversity:A review

Oceanic islands, due to their discrete geographic isolation, offer great opportunities for species conservation, being the natural laboratory for the study of biogeography and evolutionary ecology. The colonized species from continents or nearby islands are subjected to unique evolutionary processes, e. g. , geographical isolation, character displacement and adaptive radiation, can accumulate mutations gradually, and ultimately evolve into new indigenous species that are genetically different from the original species on the oceanic islands. One of the most distinctive features of the biota on oceanic islands is the large number of endemics occurring in small areas. Owing to the limited distribution area, habitat frangibility and small population size, the oceanic island populations are suffering from much higher risk of extinction than mainland populations. This review introduced the origin, evolution, and genetic structure of oceanic island species as well as the conservation strategies for the endemic and endangered species, and discussed the formation mechanisms of oceanic island biodiversity, factors causing risks, and conservation urgency of oceanic island biodiversity.