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Sibling species of mutualistic Symbiodinium clade G from bioeroding sponges in the western Pacific and western Atlantic oceans |
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| Authors: | Blake D Ramsby Malcolm S Hill Daniel J Thornhill Sieuwkje F Steenhuizen Michelle Achlatis Allison M Lewis Todd C LaJeunesse |
| Institution: | 1. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia;2. College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia;3. AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science and James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia;4. Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, USA;5. Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA;6. Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan;7. Marine Palynology and Paleoceanography, Laboratory of Paleobotany and Palynology, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;8. Coral Reef Ecosystems Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia;9. Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA |
| Abstract: | Dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium associate with a broad array of metazoan and protistian hosts. Symbiodinium‐based symbioses involving bioeroding sponge hosts have received less attention than those involving popular scleractinian hosts. Certain species of common Cliona harbor high densities of an ecologically restricted group of Symbiodinium, referred to as Clade G. Clade G Symbiodinium are also known to form stable and functionally important associations with Foraminifera and black corals (Antipatharia) Analyses of genetic evidence indicate that Clade G likely comprises several distinct species. Here, we use nucleotide sequence data in combination with ecological and geographic attributes to formally describe Symbiodinium endoclionum sp. nov. obtained from the Pacific boring sponge Cliona orientalis and Symbiodinium spongiolum sp. nov. from the congeneric western Atlantic sponge Cliona varians. These species appear to be part of an adaptive radiation comprising lineages of Clade G specialized to the metazoan phyla Porifera and Cnidaria, which began prior to the separation of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. |
| Keywords: | Atlantic Ocean Cliona Pacific Ocean Porifera Symbiodinium systematics |