Acute human toxicity and mortality after selenium ingestion: A review |
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| Institution: | 1. The National Research Centre For The Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK 2100, København Ø, Denmark;2. National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand;2. Waikato Clinical Campus, University of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand;3. Oncology Department, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand;1. Institute of Keshan Disease, Chinese Center for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;2. Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;3. Heilongjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, China;4. The Second Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention of Jilin Province, Jilin 132000, China;5. Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention in Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, China;6. Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China;7. Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710082, China;8. Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China;9. Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa 850000, China;10. Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China;11. Inner Mongolia Comprehensive Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huhehot 010031, China;12. Chinese Center for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;1. CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, 41125, Modena, Italy;2. Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany;3. Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;4. IREN, Reggio Emilia and Piacenza, Italy;5. Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy;6. Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \"G.F. Ingrassia\", University of Catania, 87 Via S. Sofia, 95123, Catania, Italy;1. Universidad de Navarra, ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain;2. School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Universidad de Navarra, Campus Universitario, 31008, Pamplona, Spain |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundAlthough selenium is an essential element for humans, acute toxicity has been reported after high oral exposure.MethodsThe published literature on the acute toxicity of oral selenium was gathered and reviewed.ResultsReported symptoms and signs include abdominal symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea, pain, and nausea, as well as garlic-like odor on the breath. In cases of severe toxicity, cardiac and pulmonary symptoms may develop and ultimately lead to mortality. Mortality has been described after the ingestion of gun bluing solutions, which often contain selenous acid among other potentially toxic substances. Mortality has also been reported after the ingestion of other forms of selenium. Ingested doses associated with mortality are in the range of 1–100 mg Se/kg body weight. Blood levels associated with mortality are above 300 μg Se/L (normal level: 100 μg/L), whereas urinary levels associated with the same endpoint are above170 μg Se/L (normal level: 20–90 μg/L).ConclusionThe acute toxicity associated with oral selenium ingestion and the blood and urinary levels of selenium in different cases of poisonings were reviewed. Mortality is a risk of acute selenium poisoning. Concentrations of selenium in blood and urine samples in non-fatal cases are close to those observed in fatal cases. |
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| Keywords: | Se Selenate Selenite Selenium dioxide Gun bluing Toxic Acute poisoning |
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