Urinary and serum electrolyte changes in athletes during periodic and continuous hypokinetic and ambulatory conditions |
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Authors: | Zorbas Y G Kakurin V J Denogratov S D Yarullin V L Deogenov V A |
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Institution: | (1) Hypokinetic Physiology Laboratory, Athens, Greece;(2) Kosmic Biology and Medicine Institute, Krasno Selo, Sophia, Bulgaria |
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Abstract: | Hypokinesia (HK) (diminished movement) induces significant electrolyte changes, but little is known about the effect of periodic
hypokinesia (PHK) on minerals. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of PHK and continuous hypokinesia (CHK) on
urinary and serum electrolytes. Studies were done during a 30-d period of prehypokinesia (HK) and during 364 d of PHK and
CHK periods. Thirty male athletes aged 24.6±7.7 yr were chosen as subjects. They were equally divided into three groups: unrestricted
ambulatory control subjects (UACS), continuously hypokinetic subjects (CHKS), and periodically hypokinetic subjects (PHKS).
The UACS group experienced no changes in the daily activities and regular training and they were maintained under an average
running distance of 11.7 km/d. The CHKS group was limited to an average walking distance of 0.7 km/d; and the PHKS group was
limited to an average walking distance of 0.7 and running distance of 11.7 km/d for 5 d and 2 d/wk, respectively, for a period
of 364 d.
Urinary and serum phosphate (P), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na) and potassium (K), serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcitonin
(CT), plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone (PA) levels, food and water intakes, and physical characteristics were measured.
Urinary P, Ca, Na, and K loss, serum Ca, P, Na, and K, and PRA and PA values increased significantly (p≤0.01), whereas serum iPTH and CT levels decreased significantly (p≤0.01) in the PHKS and CHKS groups when compared with the UACS group. However, significant (p≤0.01) differences were observed between PHKS and CHKS groups regarding urinary and serum electrolytes, serum and plasma hormones.
Food and water intakes, body weight, body fat, and peak oxygen uptake decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.01) in the CHKS group when compared with PHKS and UACS groups. Food and fluid intakes, body fat, and body weight increased
significantly (p≤0.01), whereas peak oxygen uptake remained significantly (p≤0.01) higher in the PHKS group when compared with the CHKS group. Serum and urinary minerals, serum hormones, food and fluid
intakes, and physical characteristics did not change significantly (p>0.01) in the UACS group when compared with their baseline control values.
It was shown that both PHK and CHK induce significant serum and urinary electrolyte changes. However, urinary and serum electrolyte
changes were significantly (p≤0.01) greater during PHK than CHK. It was concluded that the greater the stability of muscular activity, the smaller the
serum and urinary electrolyte changes during prolonged HK. |
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Keywords: | Electrolyte retention phosphate calcium sodium potassium aldosterone renin parathyroid hormone calcitonin nutrition water intake body fat body weight peak oxygen uptake |
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