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Morels (Morchella, Ascomycota), which are some of the most highly prized edible and medicinal mushrooms, are of great economic and scientific value. Morel cultivation has been a research focus worldwide for more than 100 years, and the outdoor cultivation of morels has succeeded and expanded to a large scale in China in recent years. In this study, we review the progress in recent research regarding the life cycle and reproductive systems in the genus Morchella and the current state of outdoor cultivation. Sclerotia formation and conidia production are two important phases during the life cycle. The morel species cultivated commercially in America is M. rufobrunnea based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. The species currently cultivated in China are black morels, including M. importuna, M. sextalata and M. eximia. The field cultivation of morels expanded in the majority of the provinces in China with a yield of fresh morels of 0–7620?kg per ha. The key techniques include spawn production, land preparation and spawning, the addition of exogenous nutrition, fruiting management and harvesting. The application of exogenous nutrition is the most important breakthrough in the field of morel cultivation, but the mechanism remains unclear. It was estimated that the total amount of field cultivated fresh morels was ~500 t in 2015–2016. We also discuss the potential issues remaining in the current literature and suggest directions for future studies. 相似文献
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Application of silicon sources increases silicon accumulation in perennial ryegrass turf on two soil types 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study investigated the ability of perennial ryegrass to accumulate silicon and the factors that may influence plant silicon
accumulation. Plants were grown in the greenhouse in two soil types, peat:sand mix and Hagerstown-silt-loam, amended with
two commercially available sources of silicon, calcium silicate slag and wollastonite at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 t/ha. Shoot
tissue of nine-week-old perennial ryegrass plants was analyzed for silicon content (%) and found to reach a dry matter concentration
of up to 4% in this study. Silicon accumulation in perennial ryegrass was influenced by the soil type and source, and was
higher in plants grown in low-silicon peat:sand mix compared to Hagerstown-silt-loam. Silicon content (%) in the plants consistently
increased with increasing rates of silicon in all four soil and source combinations. Acetic acid (HAc) extractable silicon
and Ca increased in both soil types when amended with either of the silicon sources. Effects of silicon sources on soil pH
varied with soil type. This study indicates that soil type, source of silicon, and rate of silicon application are important
factors influencing the uptake of silicon by perennial ryegrass which is a widely used turfgrass species in golf courses,
sports fields, and residential lawns in the United States. 相似文献
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N. P. Chernobrovkina O. S. Dorofeeva M. K. Il’inova E. V. Robonen A. G. Vereshchagin 《Russian Journal of Plant Physiology》2008,55(3):365-371
The effect of boron availability on the content of fatty acids (FA) in the total lipids of needles was investigated in two-year-old seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The study was conducted in the forest nursery on the soil deficient in boron. Various rates of boric acid (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 g/m2) were applied to soil three times throughout the growth period. When pine seedlings were supplied with extra boron, the lipid content of the seedling needles declined. The optimal boron supply elevated the content of saturated FA in total needle lipids mostly at the expense of palmitic acid, with a corresponding decline in the level of unsaturated FA and unsaturation index of FA owing to trienoic FA (mainly linolenic and hexadecatrienoic acids). At the same time, the level of monoenoic and to a lesser degree dienoic acids increased. When boron supply of the seedlings was not optimal, the content of unsaturated and low-molecular FA increased. 相似文献
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Recent evidence suggests that the nutritional state of male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (medfly), is an important influence on various components of their reproductive biology, including mating success. The objective of the present study was to examine experimentally the effect of temporary starvation on the mating success of wild male C. capitata. Males were maintained on protein–sugar or sugar-only diets, and for each diet we compared the mating success of continuously fed males versus males starved for 18 or 24 h immediately before testing. In trials conducted on field-caged, host trees, males starved for 24 h obtained only about half as many matings as fed males for both diets. However, when the starvation period was 18 h, starved males reared on the protein–sugar diet mated significantly less frequently than fed males, whereas starved males reared on sugar mated as often as fed males. Measurements of male pheromone calling and female attraction revealed that reduced mating success likely reflected the decreased signaling activity of starved males. 相似文献
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Rudzani A. Makhado Martin J. Potgieter Wilmien J. Luus‐Powell Isaac Mapaure 《African Journal of Ecology》2017,55(4):600-608
Despite the nutritional value of Colophospermum mopane to browser's diets, there is still insufficient knowledge on the effect of browsers on concentrations of these trace elements. A field experiment was conducted in Musina Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa, to determine the effect of pruning on the concentration of trace elements in mopane leaves. Samples were analysed for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), fluoride (F) and selenium (Se) using the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry technique. The effect of pruning was tested using the two‐tailed t‐test: two‐sample assuming equal variance and two‐tailed Mann–Whitney U‐test. Results showed that the concentration of trace elements in the control and pruned trees varies slightly through the year. Fe, Mn, Mo, Cu, Zn and Se are higher during leaf flush, but declined as the leaves matured and aged. This study concluded that simulated browsing had no significant effect on the concentration of trace elements in the mopane leaves. Seasonal variation in the amount of trace elements has implications on the distribution of browsers in the mopane woodland. 相似文献
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Summary The cause of leaf chlorosis, frequently observed on soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) grown on high pH soils of the Mississippi Blackland Prairie, is thought to be low Fe availability and restricted
rooting. Three greenhouse experiments were conducted using two soils, Sumter, a Rendollic Eutrocrept and Okolona, a Typic
Chromudert; nine soybean cultivars differing in Feefficiency; and trifluralin (α-α-α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N, N-di-propyl-p-toludine). Trifluralin at rates greater than 0.56 kg/ha caused chlorosis which was more severe on the Sumter,
a soil low in available Fe. Fe-efficient cultivars were more resistant to the chlorosis induced by trifluralin than the Fe-inefficient
cultivars. It was concluded that the chlorosis is an Fe deficiency caused by reduced uptake. The herbicide-induced chlorosis
can be avoided by proper dosage and placement of the herbicide. 相似文献