自然保护区退牧还草生态补偿标准——以向海国家级自然保护区为例

我国部分自然保护区中拥有大面积草原，但由于过度放牧，面临草原面积减少、质量下降等问题，其重要原因之一是缺少合理的补偿标准导致牧民生计得不到有效保障，偷牧行为屡禁不止。研究制定自然保护区的退牧还草生态补偿标准、完善补偿机制，对于提高我国自然保护区内草原的生态环境质量、改善牧民生计具有重要意义。以我国自然保护区草原生态环境破坏的典型案例--吉林向海国家级自然保护区为例，构建自然保护区退牧还草生态补偿标准制定框架，包括识别影响保护区牧民退牧还草意愿的关键因素，遴选生态补偿标准计算方法；根据草原承包经营权、保护区功能分区、草原利用情况等对补偿客体进行分类；制定针对不同客体的多种补偿标准方案，并提出其优先序。研究结果显示：影响向海国家级自然保护区牧民退牧还草的关键因素为文化程度、务农人口比例、原有牲畜数量和已退养牲畜数量。核心区、缓冲区内未承包草原放牧的牧民的最佳补偿标准为833元 羊单位^-1 a^-1；核心区、缓冲区内承包草原放牧的牧民的最佳补偿标准为913元 羊单位^-1 a^-1；核心区、缓冲区内承包草原未放牧的牧民的最佳补偿标准为120元 羊单位^-1 a^-1；实验区牧民的最佳补偿标准则在核心区、缓冲区三类牧民的补偿基础上扣除牧民承包草原的理论载畜量后进行计算。建议完善牧民基本情况统计制度、拓展补偿资金来源、创新多元化补偿方式并建立动态化补偿标准调整机制。

Ecological compensation standards for returning grazing land to grassland in nature reserves: A case study of Xianghai National Nature Reserve in Jilin

There are a large number of grasslands in some nature reserves in China. Due to overgrazing, many nature reserves are facing problems such as reduction in grassland area and quality degradation. One of the important reasons is that lack of reasonable compensation standards, which leads to ineffective protection of the livelihoods of herders. Studying ecological compensation standards of returning grazing to grassland in nature reserves and improving the compensation mechanism are of great significance for improving the quality of the ecological environment of the grasslands and the livelihoods of herdsmen in China''s nature reserves. Xianghai National Nature Reserve of Jilin is a typical representative of the grassland ecological environment damage in China''s nature reserves. This paper took Xianghai National Nature Reserve as an example to establish a framework for ecological compensation standards for returning grazing land to grassland. The framework mainly included four aspects:(1) identifying the key influencing factors of the herdsmen''s willingness of returning grazing land to grassland in nature reserves; (2) selecting the calculation methods of ecological compensation standards; (3) classifying the compensation objects according to the functional division, the grassland contracting and utilization in the nature reserve; and (4) specifying compensation standards for different objects and proposing standard priorities. The results showed that the key influencing factors of the herdsmen returning grazing land to grassland in the Xianghai National Nature Reserve included the education level, the proportion of farming population, the number of original livestock, and retired livestock. The optimal compensation standard for herdsmen who grazed in the core area and buffer area but not contracted grassland was 833.3 yuan sheep unit^-1 a^-1. The optimal compensation standard for herdsmen who grazed in the core area and buffer area and contracted grassland was 912.5 yuan sheep unit^-1 a^-1. The optimal compensation standard for herdsmen who contracted grassland in the core area and buffer area but not grazed is 120.0 yuan sheep unit^-1 a^-1. Comparing to the compensation standards for herdsmen in the core area and buffer area, the compensation standard for herdsmen in the experimental area should deduct the theoretical stock of the contracted grassland. It is recommended to improve the statistical system for the basic situation of herders, expand the source of compensation funds, innovate diversified compensation methods, and establish a dynamic compensation standard adjustment mechanism.