Effect of simulated joint instability and bracing on ankle and subtalar joint flexibility |
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| Institution: | 1. Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand;2. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA;3. Division of Athletic Training and Sports Medicine Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexinton, KY, USA;1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;3. Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;4. Department of Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Queensland, Ochsner Clinical School, 1514 Jefferson Highway, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA;1. GRESPI, Research Group in Engineering Sciences, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims cedex 2, France;2. EA 4660, laboratoire C3S, unité des sports (U-Sports), Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France;3. Equipe Cycliste Groupama-FDJ, France;1. Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, Rostock D-18057, Germany;2. University Center for Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Hospital “Carl Gustav Carus”, TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, Dresden D-01307, Germany;1. Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Box 359798, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA;2. Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA;1. Orthopaedic Department, AZ Groeninge, President Kennedylaan 4, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium;2. MIFAS by GRECMIP (Minimally Invasive Foot and Ankle Society), Merignac, France;3. EFAS (European Foot and Ankle Society);4. ESSKA-AFAS Ankle Instability Group, Belgium;5. Institute for Orthopaedic Research and Training (IORT), Department of Development and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;6. Dept. Development and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven campus Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium;7. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Catholic University Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium;8. Department of Orthopaedics, Foot and Ankle Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium |
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| Abstract: | It is clinically challenging to distinguish between ankle and subtalar joints instability in vivo. Understanding the changes in load-displacement at the ankle and subtalar joints after ligament injuries may detect specific changes in joint characteristics that cannot be detected by investigating changes in range of motion alone. The effect of restricting joints end range of motion with ankle braces was already established, but little is known about the effect of an ankle brace on the flexibility of the injured ankle and subtalar joints. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to (1) understand how flexibility is affected at the ankle and subtalar joints after sectioning lateral and intrinsic ligaments during combined sagittal foot position and inversion and during internal rotation and (2) investigate the effect of a semi-rigid ankle brace on the ankle and subtalar joint flexibility. Kinematics and kinetics were collected from nine cadaver feet during inversion through the range of ankle flexion and during internal rotation. Motion was applied with and without a brace on an intact foot and after sequentially sectioning the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) and the intrinsic ligaments. Segmental flexibility was defined as the slope of the angle-moment curve for each 1 Nm interval. Early flexibility significantly increased at the ankle and subtalar joint after CFL sectioning during inversion. The semi-rigid ankle brace significantly decreased early flexibility at the subtalar joint during inversion and internal rotation for all ligament conditions and at the ankle joint after all ligaments were cut. |
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| Keywords: | Flexibility Subtalar joint instability Ligament injury Semi-rigid ankle brace |
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