利用农业生物多样性持续控制有害生物

农业生物多样性对保障全球粮食安全和农业可持续发展至关重要.人类在多样性的形成上发挥了关键作用,人类结合自然进化创造了遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性.农业生物多样性发挥了很多社会经济和环境功能:保障粮食安全;维持农业生态系统可持续发展;赋予农村经济适变性.但当前人类毁灭农业生物多样性的速度更为惊人.在总结石油农业单一化种植的生态负效应、传统农业提倡“天人合一”的生态正效应的基础上,分析讨论了利用农业生物多样性持续控制有害生物的必要性和可行性,从生态系统多样性、物种多样性和种内遗传多样性3个层次,归纳了构建和恢复农田生物多样性的基本方法.基于病理学、生态学、营养学和生理学等学科领域,从群体异质效应、稀释效应、微生态效应、诱导抗性效应、物理阻隔效应、生理学效应和化感效应等7个方面,归纳了利用农业生物多样性持续控制有害生物的基础原理.寻求低投入、高效益、多样化和可持续的农业生产系统是当今世界许多科学家、决策者和生产者共同关心的问题.农业生物多样性具有重要的生态作用,在现代农业框架下,是合情合理构建持续、稳定、健康、高产的农田生态系统,持续控制有害生物的金钥匙.为此必须加强四方面的课题研究:各种作物之间的相生相克关系及其作用机理;各种有害生物的主要天敌种类、生物学、生态学特性及其适生环境;利用农业生物多样性全面、持续控制有害生物的农业生产模式;与其相配套的农艺措施与农业机械.

Sustainable management on pests by agro-biodiversity

Agro-biodiversity is essential for global food production, livelihood security and sustainable agricultural development. Human communities worldwide have played a central role in shaping nature's diversity and its associated functions. Both natural processes and human activities have generated and sustained rich genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Within agro-systems this agro-biodiversity performs many closely inter-related social, economical and environmental functions. 1) Promoting food and livelihood security. Dynamic and complex rural livelihoods usually rely on diverse plant and animal both in wild and in different stages of domestication. Different types of agro-biodiversity are used by different people at different times and in different places, hence contribute to livelihood strategies in a complex fashion. 2) Maintaining productive and environmental sustainability. In addition to contributing to environmental sustainability, agro-biodiversity helps sustain many production functions both in low input and high input agriculture. Available evidence is summarized for the following functions: soil organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling, pollination, pest control, yield formation, soil and water conservation, impact on climate and water cycling, biodiversity conservation and influence on landscape structure. 3) Contribution on the resilience of rural economies. But this agro-biodiversity has been losing at an alarming rate. This paper identifies the dominating reasons for this loss and outlines the basic methods and mechanisms for the construction and restoration of field biodiversity. After the review of the negative effect of simplified agriculture in the fossil oil driven agriculture and the positive effect of "integrating human activity with nature" in traditional agriculture, the necessity and possibility of sustainable management of pests by biodiversity in agriculture is discussed, and the general methods used in construction and restoration of field biodiversity was summarized in ecosystem diversity, species diversity and genetic diversity levels. Based on the knowledge of plant pathology, agricultural ecology, plant nutrition science, plant physiology and other related disciplines, the basic principles for sustainable management on pests by agro-biodiversity was summarized into seven aspects, that is groups heterogeneity effect, dilution effect, field micro-environment effect, induced resistance effect, physical obstacle effect, physiological effect and allelopathic effect. It is well-known that fossil oil driven agriculture meets the needs of present generation by paying heavy cost from our future generations. Traditional agriculture has rich ecological philosophy behind, however it is hard to meet the ever-increasing needs of the society. More and more scientists, decision makers and producers are seeking for sustainable agricultural production systems with low input, high efficiency, and high diversity. Agro-biodiversity can improve important ecological functions. It is a golden key for the stable, healthy, productive and sustainable field ecosystem, and for the sustainable management of pests. For this purpose, we should pay our attention to four aspects: (1) the increase of interrelationship among different crop species; (2) the research on dominant pests and their natural enemies with their biological and ecological characteristics and their favorable environmental factors; (3) the discovery of production systems with comprehensive and sustainable management methods to control pests by using agro-biodiversity; (4) the development of integrated agronomic technology and agricultural machinery to match these agro-biodiversity models.