普氏蹄蝠(Hipposideros pratti)回声定位声波、形态及捕食策略

研究了普氏蹄蝠（Hipposideros pratti)不同状态（飞行，悬挂）下的回声定位声波特征，形态特征和生态特征（捕食策略，捕食地和食物类型）。结果表明，普氏蹄蝠的回声定位声波为CF－FM型，在不同状态下，主频率有一定的差异，飞行状态的主频率略低于悬挂状态，表明普氏蹄蝠是利用多谱勒补偿效应来适应飞行速度引起的主频率变化，以进行准确的定位和有效的捕食；同时飞行状态下声脉冲时间，声脉冲间隔时间及FM带宽略低于悬挂状态，而声脉冲重复率和能率环略主于悬挂状态，表明普氏蹄蝠在不同状态下利用不同特征的声波进行捕食，由回声定位声波推断和野外观察可知，普氏蹄蝠可能在树冠周围以盘旋方式（在昆虫高峰期）或以捕蝇器式（在昆虫高峰期这后）捕食中等偏大的振翅昆虫（如甲虫）。

Echolocation sound waves,morphological features and foraging strategies in Hipposideros pratti

Studies on the echolocation sound waves in different states (flying and hanging),morphological features and ecological processes (foraging strategies,foraging habitat and diet type) of Hipposideros pratti showed that H.pratti had CF (constant frequency) FM (frequency modulated) echolocation sounds. There were some differences in dominant frequency (caused by Doppler compensating effect),pulse repetition rate,pulse duration and interpulse interval between the bats at flying and hanging. The dominant frequency, FM bandwidth,pulse duration and interpulse interval were lower,while the pulse repetition rate and duty cycle were higher at flying than at hanging. All the differences indicated that H.pratti could adopt specific echolocation sounds to adapt to specific environments and conditions to detect,approach and capture their preys successfully. On the basis of echolocation sound and field observation,it was concluded that H.pratti might search the preys at flying in the period of insect fastigium,and after the period,it might search the targets at hanging. The foraging habitat was near the tree crowns,and the preys consisted mainly of relatively large insects,such as beetles.