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Thermal acclimation and hardening in tadpoles of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

Authors:	Mary Ellen Menke Dennis L Claussen

Institution:	^a Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH 45207, U.S.A. ^b Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, U.S.A.

Abstract:	1. 1.\|Critical thermal maxima (CTMax) and minima (CTMin) were measured to evalute thermal hardening in Rana catesbeiana. 2. 2.\|Tadpoles show heat hardening and CTMax acclimation, and both responses are influenced by developmental stage. 3. 3.\|The first evidence of cold hardening in vertebrates is reported here. 4. 4.\|Heat hardening significantly reduces cold tolerance, but there is otherwise no evidence of a cross-hardening effect. Author Keywords: Thermal acclimation; thermal hardening; hardening; heat hardening; cold hardening; critical thermal maxima; critical thermal minima; developmental stage; metamorphosis; tadpoles; Rana catesbeiana

Keywords:	Thermal acclimation thermal hardening hardening heat hardening cold hardening critical thermal maxima critical thermal minima developmental stage metamorphosis tadpoles Rana catesbeiana
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