Spectral reflectance indices and pigment functions during leaf ontogenesis in six subtropical landscape plants

Pigment combinations are regulated during leaf ontogenesis. To better understand pigment function, alterations in chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin concentrations were investigated during different leaf development stages in six subtropical landscape plants, namely Ixora chinensis Lam, Camellia japonica Linn, Eugenia oleina Wight, Mangifera indica L., Osmanthus fragrans Lowr and Saraca dives Pierre. High concentrations of anthocyanin were associated with reduced chlorophyll in juvenile leaves. As leaves developed, the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid) of all six species increased while anthocyanin concentration declined. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of Φ_PSII (effective quantum yield of PSII) and of NPQ (non-photochemical fluorescence quenching) and determination of electron transport rate-rapid light curve (RLC) showed that maximum ETR (leaf electron transport rate), Φ_PSII and the saturation point in RLC increased during leaf development but declined as they aged. Juvenile leaves displayed higher values of NPQ and Car/Chl ratios than leaves at other developmental stages. Leaf reflectance spectra (400–800 nm) were measured to provide an in vivo non-destructive assessment of pigments in leaves during ontogenesis. Four reflectance indices, related to pigment characters, were compared with data obtained quantitatively from biochemical analysis. The results showed that the ARI (anthocyanin reflectance index) was linearly correlated to anthocyanin concentration in juvenile leaves, while a positive correlation of Chl NDI (chlorophyll normalized difference vegetation index) to chlorophyll a concentration was species dependent. Photosynthetic reflectance index was not closely related to Car/Chl ratio, while a structural-independent pigment index was not greatly altered by leaf development or species. Accordingly, it is suggested that the high concentration of anthocyanin, higher NPQ and Car/Chl ratio in juvenile leaves are important functional responses to cope with high radiation when the photosynthetic apparatus is not fully developed. Another two leaf reflectance indices, ARI and Chl NDI, are valuable for in vivo pigment evaluation during leaf development.