The source of gibberellins in the parthenocarpic development of ovaries on topped pea plants

The role and source of gibberellins (GAs) involved in the development of parthenocarpic fruits of Pisum sativum L. has been investigated. Gibberellins applied to the leaf adjacent to an emasculated ovary induced parthenocarpic fruit development on intact plants. The application of gibberellic acid (GA₃) had to be done within 1 d of anthesis to be fully effective and the response was concentration-dependent. Gibberellin A₁ and GA₃ worked equally well and GA₂₀ was less efficient. [³H]Gibberellin A₁ applied to the leaf accumulated in the ovary and the accumulation was related to the growth response. These experiments show that GA applied to the leaf in high enough concentration is translocated to the ovary. Emasculated ovaries on decapitated pea plants develop without application of growth hormones. When [³H] GA₁ was applied to the leaf adjacent to the ovary a substantial amount of radioactivity accumulated in the growing shoot of intact plants. In decapitated plants, however, this radioactivity was mainly found in the ovary. There it caused growth proportional to the accumulation of CA₁. Application of LAB 150978, an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis, to decapitated plants inhibited parthenocarpic fruit development and this inhibition was counteracted by the application of GA₃ (either to the fruit, or the leaf adjacent to the ovary, or through the lower cut end of the stem). All evidence taken together supports the view that parthenocarpic pea fruit development on topped plants depends on the import of gibberellins or their precursors, probably from the vegetative aerial parts of the plant.Abbreviations FW flesh weight - GA_n gibberellin A_n - HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography     

外源植物生长调节物质对烟叶中腐胺和烟碱含量的影响

水培的烟草打顶和打顶后喷施腐胺（Put）,烟叶中Put和烟碱含量均增加,钾含量下降,Put含量与烟碱含量之间呈显著正相关;打顶喷施吲哚乙酸（IAA）和赤霉素（GA3）的烟叶中Put和烟碱含量下降,钾含量上升;喷施茉莉酸（JA）的烟碱含量提高,而Put含量变化不大;喷施脱落酸（ABA）和6-BA的叶中Put含量下降。     

烟草打顶对腐胺N-甲基转移酶基因表达的影响

水培65d的烟株进行打顶后,测定打顶和不打顶烟株上部叶中烟碱含量。分别提取根中总RNA,以腐胺N-甲基转移酶基因（PMT）特异引物、肌动蛋白基因（actin）为内参作半定量RT-PCR分析;同时将提取的总RNA转膜,用地高辛标记PMTRT-PCR产物作探针,进行Northern杂交分析的结果表明,打顶后的上部烟叶中烟碱含量和PMT基因表达量显著增加。     

打顶后施用生长素(IAA)和钾肥对烤烟碳氮代谢的影响

研究了不打顶(T1)、打顶(T2)、打顶 追施K_2SO_4(T_3)、打顶 涂抹生长素1次(T4)、打顶 追施K2SO4 涂抹生长素1次(T5)、打顶 追施K2SO4 涂抹生长素2次(T6)等6种调控措施对烤烟碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明:由打顶当天到打顶后30d,烤烟淀粉酶活性总体上表现为下降后又略有上升的趋势,转化酶(INV)活性则逐渐降低;2种酶活性均以T6最高,T1最低,且差异达到极显著水平;除T1外,各处理在打顶后的淀粉含量逐渐升高,总糖含量则呈现上升后又逐步下降的变化,至打顶后30d,淀粉和总糖含量均以T6最高,T1最低;随生育时期延长,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和蛋白质含量均表现为逐渐下降的趋势。打顶后30d,T6的NR活性和蛋白质含量均为最高;在打顶后30d,以T5的NR/INV比值最大。打顶当天在顶端涂抹生长素,同时追施K2SO4肥,可促进烤烟生长和碳氮代谢。     

Flowering in the uniflora mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.): description of the reproductive structure and manipulation of flowering time

The uniflora (uf) mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is known to produce solitary, normal, fertile flowers instead of inflorescences. Histological and SEM studies revealed that this unusual reproductive structure resulted from the inability of the plant to produce an inflorescence and not from post-initiation abortion processes affecting young flower buds. Development prior to floral transition was apparently not affected by the mutation since rates of germination and leaf initiation were identical in both uf and the Ailsa Craig (AC) initial cultivar. However, the time of flowering of the mutant was always delayed as compared to AC. In uf, environmental conditions markedly influenced flowering time which occurred early in all individuals in summer, but was strongly delayed during winter, with less than 20% plants reaching flowering before having initiated 40 leaves. Defoliation treatments stimulated floral transition in uf plants since 100% flowering occurred whatever the season and since the time of floral transition was usually advanced in comparison to the non-defoliated control plants. Similarly, compared to intact uf plants, flowering of terminal meristem of cuttings and upper axillary bud of decapitated plants was promoted. The involvement of correlative influences and assimilate availability in the control of flowering in tomato is suggested by these findings.     

种植行距和打顶方式对续随子农艺性状及种子产量和总脂含量的影响

在续随子(Euphorbia lathyris Linn.)种植过程中采用不同行距(25、30和35 cm)和打顶方式(分别于出苗后1、2、3和4个月打顶,以不打顶为对照),分析和比较其农艺性状(单株干质量、株高和种子千粒质量)、种子产量、总脂含量和总脂产量的差异,并据此筛选出适宜续随子的种植行距和打顶措施.结果表明:在不同栽培条件下续随子各农艺性状、种子产量以及总脂含量和产量均有明显差异.随行距增大,续随子的单株干质量、株高和千粒质量总体增加、种子产量无明显差异、总脂含量总体呈下降趋势、总脂产量则无明显变化规律;行距对续随子单株干质量、株高和总脂含量有显著影响,但对种子千粒质量、种子产量及总脂产量无明显影响.随打顶时间的推迟,续随子单株干质量逐渐提高、株高和种子千粒质量则呈波动的变化趋势、种子产量呈先高后低的变化趋势,但总脂含量及产量变幅不大;不打顶处理(对照)的续随子各农艺性状、种子产量以及总脂含量和产量均高于打顶处理;总体上看,打顶处理对续随子种子千粒质量、种子产量、总脂含量以及总脂产量均有极显著影响.选择行距30 cm、不打顶的方法,其种子产量和总脂产量均最高,分别达到871.01和359.73 kg·hm-2.综合分析结果显示:续随子种子产量和总脂产量与种植行距无关,但与是否打顶有关;打顶增产方式不适用于续随子的种植.     

Modelling the structural response of cotton plants to mepiquat chloride and population density

Background and Aims

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) has indeterminate growth. The growth regulator mepiquat chloride (MC) is used worldwide to restrict vegetative growth and promote boll formation and yield. The effects of MC are modulated by complex interactions with growing conditions (nutrients, weather) and plant population density, and as a result the effects on plant form are not fully understood and are difficult to predict. The use of MC is thus hard to optimize.

Methods

To explore crop responses to plant density and MC, a functional–structural plant model (FSPM) for cotton (named CottonXL) was designed. The model was calibrated using 1 year''s field data, and validated by using two additional years of detailed experimental data on the effects of MC and plant density in stands of pure cotton and in intercrops of cotton with wheat. CottonXL simulates development of leaf and fruits (square, flower and boll), plant height and branching. Crop development is driven by thermal time, population density, MC application, and topping of the main stem and branches.

Key Results

Validation of the model showed good correspondence between simulated and observed values for leaf area index with an overall root-mean-square error of 0·50 m² m⁻², and with an overall prediction error of less than 10 % for number of bolls, plant height, number of fruit branches and number of phytomers. Canopy structure became more compact with the decrease of leaf area index and internode length due to the application of MC. Moreover, MC did not have a substantial effect on boll density but increased lint yield at higher densities.

Conclusions

The model satisfactorily represents the effects of agronomic measures on cotton plant structure. It can be used to identify optimal agronomic management of cotton to achieve optimal plant structure for maximum yield under varying environmental conditions.