Spatial pattern of pine wilt disease caused byBursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) within aPinus thunbergii stand

To understand the mechanism of spread of pine wilt disease caused by the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is vectored by a cerambycid, Monochamus alternatus, the spatial distribution of trees weakened by the nematode was examined within a Pinus thunbergii stand from June to October for 4 years. The weakened trees were distributed in a clumped pattern in 1980 and 1981, at an early stage of infestation. In many cases, they showed a double-clumped pattern. The degree of aggregation was higher in June or July than after August. They were uniformly distributed in June or July 1982 and in June 1983 whereas they showed a double-clumped pattern after August. The trees were frequently weakened in June or July when they were near the trees weakened during the previous year. At quadrat sizes of more than 25 m², spatial overlapping was pronounced between trees weakened during June–July of the current year and those weakened in the previous year. The seasonal changes in spatial distribution of weakened trees were explained by the interaction among M. alternatus, B. xylophilus and Pinus trees.     

紫叶小檗刺的形态与发生——对小檗属植物刺的重新认识

针对目前人们对小檗属植物刺的来源存在不同见解,本研究通过实体解剖及石蜡切片技术,以紫叶小檗为代表研究小檗属植物刺的形态和发生,结果表明,紫叶小檗的刺均为叶刺,而非茎刺,明确了小檗属的刺为叶的变态。     

黑松三种菌根苗根系构型差异及其与生长的关系

为探讨林木不同菌根根系亚宏观结构对植物生长的影响,将黑松(Pinus thunbergii)分别接种黄色须腹菌(Rhizopogen luteous,简称Rl)、彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius,简称 Pt2)和美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis,简称Be)3种外生菌根菌,研究了不同菌根苗根系构型的差异及其与黑松生长的关系.结果表明,黑松3种菌根苗的根系参数(主根长、侧根总级数、一级侧根数量及直径、吸收根分布的范围、吸收根的数量及比表面积等)均比对照有不同程度的增加,且与黑松生长呈一定的正相关性;黑松不同处理菌根苗的根系整体构型差异显著:在生长最好的Rl菌根苗根系中,主根与侧根间具不同夹角的一级侧根分布均衡,且横向生长(80～90°)的侧根较多,其它角度(60～80°和<60°)的一级侧根依次递减,使整个根系呈""型,有效扩大了根系吸收的空间范围;生长相对较差的Be菌根苗其根系不同角度的一级侧根分布不均或80～90°的侧根较少;Pt2菌根苗生长较好,其根系构型界于前二者之间;而生长差的对照苗根最少,几乎没有80～90°的一级侧根.由此可见,不同菌根菌可通过影响根系的结构发育而影响黑松苗木的生长.     

Linkage map of Japanese black pine based on AFLP and RAPD markers including markers linked to resistance against the pine needle gall midge

Macrogametophytes derived from the seeds of a tree resistant to pine needle gall midge (PGM) were analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). A total of 244 segregating loci were detected among 71 macrogametophytes. Combining the AFLP results with previously reported segregation data for 127 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, 157 AFLP and 50 RAPD markers with confirmed map positions were assigned to 20 linkage groups and three pairs covering 2085.5 cM with an average distance of 10.1 cM. The total map distance covers about 77.1–78.4% of the total genome, estimated to be approximately 2665–2719 cM in length. Thus, using AFLP markers, the previous RAPD map of this tree was improved in terms of the average distance between markers, the total map distance, and coverage of the genome. Three RAPD markers linked to a gene associated with resistance to PGM were also located on this map. Rceived: 14 April 2000 / Accepted: 21 August 2000     

RAPD markers linked to a gene for resistance to pine needle gall midge in Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii)

Linkage of RAPD markers to a single dominant gene for resistance to pine needle gall midge was investigated in Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii). Three primers that generated linked markers were found after 1160 primers were screened by bulked segregant analysis. The distances between the resistance gene, R, and the marker genes OPC06580, OPD01700, and OPAX192100 were 5.1 cM, 6.7 cM and 13.6 cM, respectively. OPC06580 was in coupling phase to R, whereas OPD01700 and OPAX192100 were in repulsion phase to R. A linkage map for a resistant tree was constructed using 96 macrogametophytes. In linkage analysis, 98 out of 127 polymorphic markers were assigned to 17 linkage groups and six linked pairs. The total length of this map was 1469.8 cM, with an average marker density of 15.6 cM. The genome length was estimated to be 2138.3 cM, and the derived linkage map covered 67.5% of the genome. Although the linked markers OPC06580, OPAX192100, and OPD01700, belonged to the same linkage group, no precise positions were found for OPC06580 or OPD01700. Received: 15 May 1999 / Accepted: 29 July 1999     

黑松,马尾松及其杂种的核型比较

分析了黑松、马尾松及其杂种的核型。其核型公式：黑松为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４－２０ｍ（６＿（ＳＡＴ）））＋４ｓｍ;杂种为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝２３ｍ＋１ｓｍ;马尾松为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４－２４ｍ（４＿（ＳＡＴ））。相对长度和臂比方差分析表明,两亲本和杂种差异显著。杂种在相对长度、全组染色体总长、最长与最短染色体比、臂比平均值以及染色体类型上均处于双亲之间。这些研究结果为进一步研究该天然杂种提供必要的细胞学资料。     

鼠尾藻对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的抑制作用

通过共培养的方法,研究了鼠尾藻（Surgassum thunbergii）培养水的过滤液、新鲜组织、干粉末、水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻（Heterosigma akashiwo）和中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）生长的抑制效应,建立了分隔共培养系统并证明了抑制物质的存在,排除了细胞直接接触抑制的可能性.结果表明,在共培养实验中,鼠尾藻新鲜组织、干粉末及水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的生长具有显著的抑制作用,且在较高浓度下对两种赤潮微藻的生长具有致死效应.在一次性及半连续培养方式下,鼠尾藻培养水过滤液对赤潮异弯藻的生长无抑制效应,而对中肋骨条藻的生长具有显著的抑制效应.     

Ultrastructural Study on the Senescent Process of Scales in Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.

The senescent process of scales in Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. was observed by means of light and transmission electron microscopy. Several layers of parenchymal cells near the adaxial cortex degraded at the outset, forming a clear broken cell zone. The degradation of cell protoplasm proceeded actively and orderly. Dictyosomes and endoplasmic reticulums produced many vesicles which were of priority importance during the process of protoplasmic degradation and intercellular transport of the degraded products. The abundant plasmodesmata between cells provided an efficient channel for the intercellular transport.     

Purification of Acetyl Coenzyme A: Deacetylacephalosporin C O-Acetyltransferase from Acremonium chrysogenum

Acetyl CoA: deacetylcephalosporin C O-acetyltransferase, which catalyzes the final step of the biosythetic pathway to cephalosporin C, was stabilized by a buffer solution containing 7-aminocephalosporanic acid and purified over 1300-fold from Acremonium chrysogenum. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 55,000 as measured by gel filtration. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed two subunit bands corresponding to molecular weights of 27,000 and 14,000. The enzyme has an isoelectoric point at pH 4.0 and optimum activity at pH 7.5.