泰山黄芦木（小檗科）果实与叶刺特征的变异式样

采用居群取样及统计分析方法,研究了山东泰山小檗属黄芦木果实与叶刺特征的变异式样.结果显示:(1)在20株黄芦木的各10个果序中,共有856个成熟果实,果实为亮红色,形状变异较大.单个果实内种子数目为1～5个,平均1.64±0.71个种子,差异显著.其中含1～5粒种子的果实数依次分别为406、365、72、1 2和1个,而已有文献皆记载黄芦木果实仅具2粒种子.(2)在黄芦木的200个果序中,含1～3粒种子的果实在各果序中的比例均为0～100％,差异均极显著;含4粒种子的果实在各果序中的比例为0～60.0％,差异显著.(3)在20株黄芦木的40个一年生枝条上,共有386个叶刺,其中单刺至5叉刺的叶刺依次分别为183、53、136、5和6个,6～～8叉刺各1个;单刺、2叉刺和3叉刺的出现频率依次分别为92.50％、75.00％和80.00％,为黄芦木常见的3种叶刺类型,而已有文献均记载黄芦木具3叉刺,稀为单刺.研究表明,野外居群取样能深入揭示小檗属种内形态变异式样.     

西藏的小檗种类多

小檗科小檗属植物,主要分布在南、北美洲、亚洲、欧洲和非洲北部,全世界有500种,我国产200种左右,主要分布在西部和西南部。西藏产小檗有70种。小檗属植物是常绿或落叶有刺灌木,一股高1—2米,也有高3—4米的小乔木。叶为单叶,多簇生于短枝。花黄色,具两性,总状、伞形、圆锥花序或簇生;花瓣6枚,     

青藏高原东缘11种小檗属(Berberis)植物种子萌发特性

在实验室条件下研究了青藏高原东缘11种小檗属(Berberis)植物的种子萌发特性,并分析了种子萌发能力与种子大小和海拔之间的关系。结果表明,11种植物中,仅有5种植物(金花小檗、匙叶小檗、锥花小檗、鲜黄小檗和刺黄花)种子萌发率超过50%,其中金花小檗最高(86.7%);有2种植物(巴东小檗、华西小檗)种子始终没有萌发,其余4种植物种子萌发率均在10%以下;种子萌发开始时间均在10d以后,匙叶小檗种子萌发的持续时间最长(40d)。11种植物种子萌发率、萌发速率、萌发持续时间与种子大小均呈显著负相关,而萌发开始时间与种子大小之间具有显著的正相关关系。萌发率、萌发速率、萌发持续时间与海拔均有较弱的正关联,萌发开始时间与海拔有较弱的负关联。     

大叶小檗

大叶小檗张俊兰（通化市园艺研究所１３４００１）大叶小檗（ＢｅｒｂｅｒｉｓａｍｕｒｅｎｓＩｓＲｕｐｒ．）别名狗奶子根，属小檗科，喜生于针阔林下的灌丛中及河边土较肥沃、较湿润的地带。具有一定的耐寒性，是一种很有发展前途的经济植物。形态特征：为落叶灌木。高...     

紫叶小檗叶片红色素提取方法的研究

本文以新疆紫叶小檗的叶子作为实验材料。从浸提剂种类,浸提温度,浸提时间,浸提剂pH值及不同比例的紫叶小檗叶子（g）;浸提剂（ml）对紫叶小檗叶子红色素提取率的影响进行了提取方法的初步研究。结果表明：pH值在小于或等于2的范围内,以蒸馏水为浸提剂,在60℃时对这处花色苷类天然色素浸提60分钟,可获得最佳提取率。     

贵州小檗属植物(小檗科)叶脉序研究

采用制作叶脉标本和透明叶标本的方法,对贵州产28种2变种小檗属植物叶脉特征进行比较研究。结果表明:贵州小檗属植物的脉序类型有5种:半达缘羽状脉、花环状半达缘羽状脉、简单弓形羽状脉、花环状弓形羽状脉和混合型。叶脉分支一般有五级:1一级脉构架均为羽状脉,粗度有很粗、粗、中等粗细和纤细四种类型,分支方式包括单轴分支和合轴分支;2粗二级脉构架中有分支达缘或分支均不达缘,与中脉夹角变化各异,内二级脉存在或缺失,细二级脉半达缘、真曲行或简单弓形,间二级脉类型复杂多变但频度种间有差异;3三级脉贯串型、结网型或分支型;4四、五级脉网状或自由分支且常混合在一起。脉间区从发育差到良好,小脉从不分支到不均等分支等各种类型均有,叶缘末级脉缺失、不完整、钉状和环状。大部分种类叶缘具齿,每1cm齿数目和齿内腺点的特性等特征在不同种类间有区别,具有鉴定价值,但齿其它特征复杂多变或种间区别较小,同时齿内脉性状也不稳定。此外,齿的有无会对脉序类型产生影响。小檗属植物叶脉类型存在种间差异,具有重要的分类学价值,叶脉类型的变化和复杂程度显示了该属植物的进化特点;叶齿的有无和齿特征具有分类学和系统学意义。基于叶脉特征的研究结果并结合重要的外部形态学特征编制了贵州小檗属植物的分种检索表。研究结果可为小檗属植物分类寻找新的依据并探讨其系统学意义。     

黄山安徽小檗一些分类学性状的变异式样研究

在安徽黄山以安徽小檗(Berberis anhweiensis Ahrendt)为例,对中国小檗属重要分类学性状的变异式样进行了研究.结果表明:在25株安徽小檗各10个果序中,每个果序的果实数目为3～18个,平均为10.12±3.26 个,不同植株之间差异极显著(P＜0.01).成熟果实形状为椭圆形或长圆形,并未见到原始文献描述的倒卵形.在总计2 529个果实中,果实内种子数为1～2个,其中含2粒种子与含1粒种子的果实数分别为1 575个和954个.各果序中含2粒种子果实及含1粒种子果实所占的比例均为0～100%,平均值分别为55.96%±22.94%和40.04%±22.94%,差异极显著(P＜0.01).在25株安徽小檗各2个1年生枝条上,共有427个叶刺,其中单刺所占的比例为76.35%,并且都位于枝条的顶端,2叉刺占5.39%,3叉刺占18.27%,3种类型叶刺在数目上差异极显著(P＜0.01).     

粉叶小檗(小檗科)的形态变异式样及分类修订

研究了云南省昆明市西山和丽江市玉龙雪山的粉叶小檗(Berberis pruinosa Franch.)叶、花瓣和果实特征的变异式样。粉叶小檗幼叶背面具明显的白色粉霜,而成熟叶,尤其是秋冬季的老叶,叶片背面的白色粉霜几乎完全脱落,并呈灰绿色。虽然粉叶小檗花瓣先端存在缺裂和全缘两种变异式样,但是这些变异式样在居群内是连续的。粉叶小檗成熟果实紫黑色,表面具显著而稳定的白色粉霜。结合文献分析和植物标本观察,将B. pruinosa var. brevifolia Ahrendt、B. pruinosa var. longifolia Ahrendt、B. pruinosavar.serratifoliaAhrendt和易门小檗处理为粉叶小檗的异名。此外,还为粉叶小檗指定了后选模式,即Delavay 493 (P00716556)。     

小檗属植物一新种——平坝小檗

报道了中国贵州小檗科小檗属植物一新种,即平坝小檗（Berberis pingbaensis M. T. An）新种与堆花小檗（B. aggregate Schineid.）相近似,但植物较小,果具白粉。     

云南卷叶小檗(小檗科)花与果实特征的变异式样

在云南省腾冲县通过野外居群取样,结合模式标本检查及统计分析方法,研究了小檗科卷叶小檗花和果实特征的变异式样。结果显示:(1)2013年5月,在12株卷叶小檗上取样的53朵花中,各花花被片数目为13~18个,平均为15.25±0.96个,其中,来自11株植物的34朵花都具有15个花被片,占个体总数的91.67%,占花总数的64.15%;此外,各花内部与雄蕊对生的6个花被片先端缺裂。(2)2013年12月,在12株卷叶小檗上分别取样的20个成熟果实中,单个果实内种子数目为1~4个,平均为1.79±0.48个,其中74.17%的果实都含有2粒种子;2013年5月,自6株卷叶小檗上采集的2012年宿存的150个果实中,单个果实内种子数目为1~3个,平均为2.11±0.43个,其中80.67%的果实都含有2粒种子;而已有文献皆记载卷叶小檗子房具胚珠2个。(3)在卷叶小檗个体内花和果实特征的变异系数中,花被片数目(0.05±0.03)果实长度(0.07±0.02)果实宽度(0.11±0.02)果柄长度(0.16±0.05)果实内种子数目(0.25±0.08)花被片长度(0.36±0.04)花被片宽度(0.38±0.04)。(4)对《中国植物志》小檗属中卷叶小檗花和果实等重要分类学性状特征进行了订正,同时为该种一直空缺的绘图补充了图片资料。     

A note on Pseudomonas syringae pv. berberidis infections of Berberis: aetiology of a leaf spot and leaf fall disease in England

R oberts , S.J. & P reece , T.F. 1984. A note on Pseudomonas syringae pv. berberidis infections of Berberis : aetiology of a leaf spot and leaf fall disease in England. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 56 , 507–513.
A leaf spot and leaf fall disease is currently causing problems among certain Berberis spp. in England. Evergreens affected include B. julianae, B. gagnepainii, B. candidula, B. hookeri , and deciduous spp. include B. x ottawensis and B. thunbergii . The pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. berberidis , which was confirmed as a distinct pathover by biochemical and host tests, was isolated from less than half of leaves showing typical symptoms. Isolates of Ps. syringae pv. berberidis from England, New Zealand and USA differed in cultural characteristics and in patho-genicity to certain Berberis spp.     

Berberis rawatii sp. nov. (Berberidaceae) from India

In India, 55 species of Berberis have been reported and 22 species are found in Uttarakhand state. Berberis rawatii (Berberidaceae), a new species from Chamoli and Pithoragarh districts of Uttarakhand state of India (western Himalaya) is here described and illustrated. In terms of leaf and inflorescence, Berberis rawatii shows affinities with B. cretica L. Both these species have entire leaves, fascicled inflorescences, conspicuous style and black berries, but B. rawatii differs in the presence of a petiole, the dorsal surface of leaf pruinose, presence of elongated‐ovate glands, presence of prophylls, three ovules and pruinose fruits.     

Leaf Development, Metamorphic Heteroblasty and Heterophylly in Berberis s. l. (Berberidaceae)

Shoot development of temperate and tropical members of Berberis s. l. was examined in order to assess: (1) the homology of the spines along the long shoots and the foliage leaves that form on the short shoots; (2) the occurrence of heterophylly and/or heteroblasty in the genus; and (3) the structural correspondence between cataphylls, spines, and foliage leaves. The 1-5-armed spines have been interpreted as modified compound leaves lacking stipules, as a modified lamina (central spine) with stipules (lateral spines), or less often, as transformed branches, or as epidermal outgrowths. On the other hand, the foliage leaves of the short shoots have been interpreted as leaflets of palmately compound leaves. Our results indicate that there are three distinct leaf types per node: (1) Leaves modified in spines spirally arranged in long shoots; (2) foliage, expanded leaves densely arranged in short shoots; and (3) cataphylls protecting axillary buds. The spines are leaf homologs with a clear distinction between the leaf base with stipules, and a laminar portion modified into the 1-5-armed spine; the lateral spines are not stipules as they arise from the marginal meristem of the laminar portion, and not from the leaf base. The foliage leaves also have stipules flanking the leaf base. Both spiny leaves and foliage leaves develop an articulation between the base and the laminar portion. Cataphylls of the short shoots of Berberis s. str. and those of the reproductive short shoots of Mahonia correspond to the entire leaf base, but those of the renewal (vegetative) shoots of Mahonia are spiny and have an odd vestigial pinnately compound lamina. Heterochrony due to ontogenetic truncation caused by the formation of the terminal inflorescence at the apex of the short shoots could be responsible for the lack of petiole/lamina differentiation in the foliage leaves. The spiny long-shoot/foliose short-shoot system of branching in Berberis s. str. appears to be genetically and phylogenetically fixed and not environment-dependent. This represents a clear example of metamorphic heteroblasty sensu Zotz et al. (Botanical Review 77:109–151, 2011) with further occurrence of heterophylly along the short shoots.     

中国小檗科小檗属一新名称

为中国小檗属小瓣小檗提出新名称Berberis jinshajiangensis X.H.Li,以代替晚出同名Berberis micropetala T.S.Ying(1999),non C.K.Schneid.(1939).     

Isoquinoline derived alkaloids from Berberis chitria

A new aporphine base characterized as O-methylcorydine-N-oxide together with berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine and oxyacanthine has been isolated from Berberis chitria.     

Single-Voxel Recording of Voltage Transients in Dendritic Spines

We report sensitive recording of membrane potential in single dendritic spines in cortical neurons within a brain slice using two-photon excitation and a new, fluorinated, intracellularly loaded organic dye, di-2-AN(F)EPPTEA. With a two-photon excitation wavelength of 1060 nm, we achieve voltage sensitivity of >16% change in fluorescence per 100 mV. By targeting single spines in single-voxel recordings, we attain excellent single/noise quality, with back-propagating action potentials (bAPs) visible in single sweeps while recording at 10 kHz. This recording rate allows us to reliably assess fast bAP dynamics on single sweeps including bAP rise times of 0.5 ms. The amplitude and propagation delays of the bAPs are similar among different spines located within the same dendritic region, and this is true despite large differences in spine size. The interregion differences in bAP waveforms in spines vary in relation to their distance from the soma and the caliber of their parent dendrites.     

三颗针不同炮制、提取方法对糖尿病小鼠血糖、血脂的影响研究

为探究三颗针不同炮制(醋制、酒制)、提取方法(煎煮、回流、超声、回流超声)对糖尿病小鼠降血糖、降血脂的影响。实验建立四氧嘧啶、链脲佐菌素、肾上腺素、高浓度葡萄糖致小鼠糖尿病模型,测定各模型组及正常小鼠给药前后血糖值,测定血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDLC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDLC)值。结果发现三种制品的四种提取方法对正常小鼠空腹血糖无明显影响,但能显著降低四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠血糖,各制品的回流超声组与生品水煎液组中剂量组比较存在显著差异(P<0.05);醋制品水煎液组、酒制品回流组高剂量组,醋制品回流组,各制品超声组、回流超声组对链脲佐菌素致糖尿病小鼠高血糖有显著降糖作用(P<0.05或P<0.01);醋制品、酒制品回流超声组高剂量组在给予高浓度葡萄糖后0.5、1、2h均能显著降低小鼠血糖(P<0.05或P<0.01);酒制品、醋制品回流组、醋制品超声组、生品、酒制品、醋制品回流超声组高剂量组均能使盐酸肾上腺素致小鼠血糖显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);醋制品回流组,酒制品、醋制品回流超声组均能显著降低TG、TC、LDLC,升高HDLC含量。实验表明三颗针酒制品、醋制品采用回流超声法降低血糖和血脂疗效较佳。     

The Invasion Ecology of Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii) in the New England Landscape

Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) has been characterized as one of the most widely known and planted exotic shrubs in the United States. It was first introduced to the US in the late 1800s. By 1920 the planting of Japanese barberry was encouraged as an ornamental shrub replacing the common barberry (Berberis vulgaris). Japanese barberry began spreading from cultivation in suburban and selected rural retreats by the 1920s, and had dispersed rapidly throughout the northeast by the 1960s. By the 1970s it was recognized as a problematic invasive in the northeast. It is readily dispersed primarily by birds. Fruit production varies with light level, but even under very low light levels (4% full sun) some seeds are produced. Fruits are dispersed in late fall through late winter. Seed dispersal curves are highly leptokurtic; most seedling are found under or adjacent to adults, but a small number may be found tens of meters from the nearest adult. Japanese barberry thrives under a broad range of light and soil moisture conditions. Significant variation in stem growth can be explained as a function of light level. Even at less than 1% full sun, some positive stem growth can occur. Survival is quite high at intermediate to high light levels, and only under the lowest light levels (<1% full sun) does survival drop significantly. Biomass of Japanese barberry in field plots can be largely explained as a function of light availability and soil moisture. The biomass of co-occurring species is suppressed by Japanese barberry, and recovery is slow in the first year following Japanese barberry removal except under high light levels. Glyphosate (Roundup) applied in early spring at first leaf out, when little else is in leaf, provides an effective means of eradicating Japanese barberry populations.