Responses of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption from leaves and branches to long-term nitrogen deposition in a Chinese fir plantation

为了解森林养分内循环对全球变化的响应, 基于长期模拟氮沉降试验, 研究了杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林不同龄级(一年生、二年生和衰老)叶和枝的氮(N)、磷(P)养分分配及其再吸收特征, 并分析了不同模拟N沉降处理时间(7年和14年)杉木叶N、P养分再吸收差异。在12年生杉木中开展模拟N沉降试验, 以尿素(CO(NH₂)₂)为N源, 设N0、N1、N2和N3 4个处理水平, 施氮量分别为0、60、120和240 kg·hm ^-2·a ^-1, 每个处理重复3次。结果表明: (1)叶和枝在衰老过程中碳(C)、N和P含量逐渐降低, 且叶的C、N和P含量比枝高; N含量大小依次为一年生叶>二年生叶>衰老叶>一年生枝>二年生枝>衰老枝, 且N3 > N2 > N1 > N0, 而C:N则呈现相反的趋势; 衰老器官的C:N、C:P、N:P比新鲜器官高; N沉降增加了不同龄级叶和枝(除二年生叶外)的N、N:P和C:P, 但降低了P和C:N。(2)叶和枝的N、P养分再吸收率(RE_N、RE_P)随龄级的增加至衰老有规律地递减, 且RE_P > RE_N; 受长期N沉降的影响, RE_N叶(28.12%) <枝(30.00%), 而RE_P则为叶(45.82%) >枝(30.42%); 杉木叶和枝N:P与RE_N:RE_P之间存在极显著的线性相关关系。(3)随N沉降处理时间的增加, 叶RE_N呈降低态势, 各处理(N1、N2和N3)分别降低了9.85%、3.17%和11.71%; 而RE_P则明显上升, 分别增加了71.98%、42.25%和9.60%。研究结果表明: 不同器官、不同龄级的养分再吸收率随氮沉降处理的水平、处理时间而所有不同; RE_N:RE_P与N:P之间存在紧密关系。     

European beech in its northeasternmost stands in Europe: Varying climate-growth relationships among generations and diameter classes

Age, genetics and social status of trees affect their sensitivity to environmental factors, and information about such effects is needed for comprehensive assessment of growth potential. Climatic sensitivity of radial increment (i.e., tree-ring width) of introduced European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) of different generations and social status, growing in its northeasternmost stands in Europe, was studied by dendroclimatological methods. At present, the studied stands occur outside of the natural distribution area of the species, providing opportunity to study adaptability and potential growth of beech in novel environments under changing climate. The sensitivity of radial growth to climatic factors was modulated by the generation and social status (size) of trees. The first generation trees, which were propagated from the material transferred from the northern Germany, were highly sensitive to climatic factors and showed wide spectrum of responses. The dominant trees were particularly sensitive to June precipitation, indicating sensitivity to water deficit in summer. The suppressed trees were mainly sensitive to temperature in the dormant period. Tree-ring width of the second generation trees, which were propagated from the first generation stands, was mainly affected by water deficit in summer, yet the local factors, modulated the mechanisms of response. In one stand, tree-ring width was affected by conditions during the formation of tree-ring, indicating direct influence of weather conditions on xylogenesis. In the other stand, tree-ring width was correlated to weather conditions in the preceding year, suggesting influence via carbohydrate reserves. The effect of social status on climatic sensitivity in the second generation stands was considerably weaker, likely due to the natural and anthropogenic selection of the material best adapted for local conditions. The effect of climatic factors on radial growth of beech has shifted during the 20th century. The effect of autumn temperature has weakened, likely due to warming; the effect of factors related to water deficit in summer has intensified that could be related to both, changes in climate and ageing. The observed climate-growth relationships suggested that conditions in winter have become suitable for beech, yet careful selection of sites/regions with appropriate hydrological conditions appear necessary to counteract the increasing effect of water deficit, hence to ensure productivity of future beech sites in Latvia.     

Nodulation and N2 fixation byInga jinicuil,a woody legume in coffee plantations

Summary Nodule biomass and yearly C₂H₂ reduction rates are reported forInga jinicuil, a leguminous tree used for shade in Mexican coffee plantations. Annual fixation by this species approximates 35 kg ha^–1; which, when compared to nitrogen additions from fertilizers, represents an important nitrogen input to the coffee ecosystem.     

Carbon cycle of larch plantation based on CO2FIX model

Aims
Plantations play important roles in modifying regional carbon budget and maintaining regional carbon balance. In this study, we assessed larch plantation (Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii) carbon dynamics in Weichang County from a perspective of the forest biomass-soil-wood-products chain. Our objectives were to elucidate the carbon sink capacity of larch plantation and the influences of biomass, soil and wood product pools on carbon balance.
Methods
CO2FIX model was used to evaluate the carbon storage and flow of larch plantation over a time span of 120 years. Input data for model were derived from practical investigations and published papers. We validated the simulated results and found that this model was suitable in the region and the simulated results were reliable.
Important findings
(1) Soil was the largest carbon pool for larch plantation and the wood product pool had the smallest carbon storage. Meanwhile, carbon storage in wood products gradually increased with time. (2) In a rotation of 50 years from secondary poplar-birch forest to larch plantation, 250 t C·hm^-2 was sequestrated by the larch plantation. 70% of the carbon was transferred into soil in the form of litter and logging slash and the other 30% was transferred into wood products. (3) Larch plantation was a carbon sink during most of its growing period and turned to temporary carbon source when it was harvested. Larch plantation could sequestrate about 0.3 t C·hm^-2·a^-1 in the long term. Our results indicated the importance of wood product carbon pool in carbon dynamics of plantation, which facilitated our understanding in the carbon dynamics and capacity of plantation.     

落叶松人工林土壤酸度与有机磷形态的相关性

通过东北东部山地落叶松人工林不同发育阶段土壤酸度变化规律以及与有机磷形态相关关系的研究发现,不同发育阶段落叶松根际土壤水解性总酸度都高于非根际土壤,而交换性酸与总酸度的比值则相反;落叶松由幼龄林到成熟林随林龄的增大根际土壤活性酸(pH值)呈降低趋势,而非根际土壤活性酸(pH值)(除成熟林外)、根际与非根际土壤的交换性酸、土壤交换性铝、土壤水解性总酸度和交换性酸/总酸度的比值随林龄的增大呈显著增大趋势。但由于暗棕壤具有较强的缓冲性能,并且土壤活性酸(pH值)由幼龄林到成熟林随林龄的变化范围为5.27±0.25~5.93±0.12,因此,在落叶松树种适生的范围之内,不需施用石灰调节土壤的酸度。各年龄阶段森林根际土壤酸度与根际土壤有机磷形态相关密切。随着土壤潜性酸度的增加,各年龄阶段森林土壤有机磷总量、中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷含量降低。活性有机磷分别与活性酸、水解性总酸度呈显著正相关,其与水解性总酸度相关性随林龄的增大而降低。     

西双版纳农田弃耕后橡胶园的建立对碳的固存作用

 由于温室气体的大量排放引起的全球气候变暖等环境问题日益严重,近年来人们开始考虑通过植被和土壤的碳固存,以缓解大气中CO2浓度的升高速度,减缓温室效应的影响。有研究表明,热带原始森林的保护和人工林的建立能有效地固存大气中的碳。但是,在建立热带种植园和人工林以固存大气CO2的可行性及其碳的固存潜力大小等方面还存在较大争议。云南省西双版纳自治州是我国重要的热带地区之一,目前橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)园的面积为1.3×105 hm2,约占该地区林地面积的14%。在本研究中,选择11块在弃耕后的农田上建立的橡胶园（定植年限为3至38年）,初步探讨了橡胶园建立后植被和土壤中碳的固存规律。两个生物量模型（唐建维等的模型和Brown模型）的模拟结果显示,橡胶园建立后植被中生物量的平均增长速率分别为10.2×103和9.4×103 kg·hm-2·a-1,40和100 cm表层土壤碳的平均固存速率分别为0.61×103和0.72×103 kg C·hm-2·a-1,植被和100 cm表层土壤中碳的平均固存速率为5.82×103和5.42×103 kg C·hm-2·a-1,而定植40年后植被和100 cm表层土壤碳的固存潜力为232.8×103和216.8×103 kg C·hm-2。对两个模型的比较结果显示,唐建维等的模型生物量计算结果明显高于Brown模型,尤其是在对中幼龄橡胶园生物量估算时更是如此。     

Do Eucalyptus plantations host an insect community similar to remnant Eucalyptus forest?

Abstract We examined the potential of forest plantations to support communities of forest‐using insects when planted into an area with greatly reduced native forest cover. We surveyed the insect fauna of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) plantations and native Eucalyptus marginata dominated remnant woodland in south‐western Australia, comparing edge to interior habitats, and plantations surrounded by a pastoral matrix to plantations adjacent to native remnants. We also surveyed insects in open pasture. Analyses focused on three major insect orders: Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Plantations were found to support many forest‐using insect species, but the fauna had an overall composition that was distinct from the remnant forest. The pasture fauna had more in common with plantations than forest remnants. Insect communities of plantations were different from native forest both because fewer insect species were present, and because they had a few more abundant insect species. Some of the dominant species in plantations were known forestry pests. One pest species (Gonipterus scutellatus) was also very abundant in remnant forest, although it was only recently first recorded in Western Australia. It may be that plantation forestry provided an ecological bridge that facilitated invasion of the native forest by this nonendemic pest species. Plantation communities had more leaf‐feeding moths and beetles than remnant forests. Plantations also had fewer ants, bees, evanioid wasps and predatory canopy beetles than remnants, but predatory beetles were more common in the understory of plantations than remnants. Use of broad spectrum insecticides in plantations might limit the ability of these natural enemies to regulate herbivore populations. There were only weak indications of differences in composition of the fauna at habitat edges and no consistent differences between the fauna of plantations adjacent to remnant vegetation and those surrounded by agriculture, suggesting that there is little scope for managing biodiversity outcomes by choosing different edge to interior ratios or by locating plantations near or far from remnants.