松嫩平原农田土壤有机碳变化及固碳潜力估算

基于1979—1985年全国第二次土壤普查和2015年实地采样数据,利用土壤类型法计算了近35年来松嫩平原及其各县农田表层土壤有机碳密度和土壤碳库储量;并分析了松嫩平原农田土壤有机碳密度的空间分布及变化特征;利用饱和值法对松嫩平原及其各县市农田土壤有机碳量的变化趋势进行拟合,估算其农田土壤的固碳潜力。结果表明:(1)2015年松嫩平原农田表层土壤有机碳密度平均值为1.61 kg/m~2,近35年来约有81.59%的农田土壤有机碳密度呈下降趋势,集中分布在松嫩平原北部、东部和东南部地区,以富裕县东部、依安县中部、肇东县西部、扶余县西部等地区土壤有机碳密度下降幅度最大;(2)2015年松嫩平原农田表层土壤有机碳库总储量为233.63 Tg,比全国第二次土壤普查减少了32.62 Tg;(3)2015年松嫩平原农田表层土壤总固碳潜力为-32.7 TgC,呈现出\"碳源\"趋势,农田土壤单位面积固碳潜力平均值为-1.793×10~(-3)Tg/km~2。     

黄土丘陵区土壤有机碳固存对退耕还林草的时空响应

研究了黄土丘陵区土壤有机碳固存对退耕还林草的时空响应特征,分析了退耕还林草对土壤有机碳的近期影响和长期效应。结果表明,1)从黄土丘陵区退耕还林草的土壤固碳效应整体而言,相对于坡耕地,退耕还林和退耕撂荒具有显著的土壤碳增汇效应,而退耕还草、退耕还果没有明显土壤碳增汇效应。以天然草地土壤有机碳密度为目标,撂荒地表层土壤有机碳增汇潜力可达8.3 t/hm2。2)以10a为界,退耕还林草的近期土壤碳增汇效应不明显,而10a后土壤碳增汇效应逐渐明显,退耕还林、还灌、撂荒和坡耕地的固碳效应差异显著。3)在评估黄土丘陵区退耕还林草的土壤固碳效应时应当注重长期固碳效应。4)退耕还林草的土壤固碳效应主要受还林草方式及年限的影响,二者分别可解释55.6%和24.1%的有机碳变异性;地形因子可解释8.5%的有机碳变异性。在评估该区退耕还林的土壤固碳效应时应当充分考虑退耕年限和地形因子的影响。5)人工刺槐林地、人工柠条林地以及撂荒地深层土壤(100—200 cm)有机碳密度占2 m土体有机碳密度的35%—40%,而且随着植被恢复深层土壤有机碳密度显著增加。6)在估算黄土丘陵区退耕还林土壤固碳效应时应该考虑深层碳累积。如果按1 m土层的土壤有机碳密度计算,会严重低估退耕还林草的土壤固碳量。     

西双版纳地区人工橡胶林生物量、固碳现状及潜力

选取西双版纳地区橡胶树适宜和次适宜种植区6个年龄段(5、9、14、19、23、26年生)的橡胶林,对其生长参数进行了实测,利用生物量回归方程得到了橡胶林的生物量和固碳量,并探讨了橡胶林的固碳潜力。结果表明:西双版纳适宜种植区橡胶林地上净初级生产力(ANPP)在19年生时达到最大,为(16.22±3.47)t.hm-2.a-1;次适宜种植区橡胶林ANPP在23年生时达到最大,为(8.65±3.46)t.hm-2.a-1。适宜和次适宜种植区橡胶林地上总生物量(WA)最大值分别为205.82和139.76t.hm-2。对应的生物量内禀增长率分别为21%和14%。适宜和次适宜种植区橡胶林碳储量最大值分别达123.49和83.86tC.hm-2,均明显低于西双版纳热带季节雨林生态系统的总固碳量(311.41±66.46)tC.hm-2,适宜种植区橡胶林固碳量略高于世界热带森林的平均水平(121tC.hm-2)。截至2008年,西双版纳橡胶林总固碳量约为16.54×106tC。     

杭州市不同土地利用类型的树木生长和碳固存

随着全球城市化的加剧,城市作为一个受强人类活动支配的生态系统,在显著改变土地利用的同时,也改变了城市内植被的碳吸收和碳储存能力.本文选取杭州具有代表性的2个树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia)为研究对象,调查并测量了720株树木的胸径、株高、株距和冠幅,测量了230株样木近10年的平均轮面积增量,对城市不同土地利用类型上不同树种的碳储存和碳吸收速率进行了估算和比较.结果表明,香樟碳储存为45 kg C·m-2,悬铃木104 kg C·m-2.香樟碳吸收速率在政府机关用地上最大,住宅区最小;而悬铃木在住宅区碳吸收速率远远大干商业区和政府机构用地.冠幅是影响香樟碳吸收速率的主要影响因子,而悬铃木的碳吸收速率与冠幅相关外还受到年龄的影响.在城市土地利用类型中乔木碳吸收是野外相同年龄乔木的5倍甚至更多.     

秸秆还田配施中微量元素对农田土壤有机碳固持的影响

为研究秸秆还田配施中量元素(S)和微量元素(Fe和Zn)对粮田土壤有机碳固持的影响,进行了为期52 d的室内玉米秸秆腐解培养试验. 结果表明:秸秆腐解过程中分别添加S、Fe和Zn元素,均提高了微生物生物量碳(MBC)及土壤CO₂-C矿化速率,52 d腐解培养结束后,CO₂-C的累积矿化量显著提高,但土壤有机碳含量并未显著降低;3种元素中,添加Fe或Zn的处理提高了土壤惰性碳库、惰性碳库比例及土壤有机碳表观平衡,有利于土壤有机碳固持,而添加S的处理却降低了惰性有机碳比例及土壤有机碳表观平衡,不利于有机碳固持. 因此,在施N、P肥基础上,秸秆还田添加S、Fe或Zn均能促进土壤有机碳的矿化进程,但添加Fe或Zn可使更多有机碳固持于土壤中,添加S不利于土壤有机碳的固持.     

纳板河流域土地利用变化对土壤有机碳及微生物生物量碳和氮的影响

与其他地区相比,热带森林的土地利用变化对碳循环的影响尤其显著。本文采用野外调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了纳板河流域自然林转变为旱地、水稻田、橡胶林、茶园后土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)和微生物生物量氮(SMBN)的变化。结果表明:自然林转变为其他土地利用类型后,SOC、SMBC、SMBN均显著下降,水稻田的SOC和SMBC下降幅度最大。赤红壤的SOC和SMBC、SMBN均显著高于砖红壤。相关性分析表明:SOC与SMBC、SMBN、土壤含水量呈显著或极显著正相关,与土壤容重、pH呈极显著负相关;SMBN与SOC、SMBC呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈显著负相关;微生物商与pH呈极显著正相关。     

土地利用变化对土壤有机碳的影响研究进展

土壤有机碳是陆地碳库的重要组成部分,也是当前全球碳循环和全球变化研究的热点。土地利用/覆被变化及土地管理变化通过影响土壤有机碳的储量和分布,进而影响温室气体排放和陆地生态系统的碳通量。研究土地利用变化影响下的土壤有机碳储量及其动态变化规律,有助于加深理解全球气候变化与土地利用变化之间的关系。在阅读国内外有关文献的基础上,分别从土地利用及其管理方式变化的角度,概括了土地利用变化对土壤有机碳的影响过程与机理;针对当前研究的两大类方法,即实验方法和模型方法,分类详细介绍了它们各自的特点以及存在的一些问题。在此基础上,提出今后土地利用变化对土壤有机碳影响研究的发展趋势。     

红壤稻田弃耕后植被和土壤有机碳对积水与火烧的早期响应

为了探明积水和冬季火烧对弃耕红壤稻田地表植被和土壤有机碳的影响, 该实验设置了对照(无人为干扰)、积水、冬季火烧和积水-冬季火烧4个不同处理, 采用样方法对样地植物的高度、密度、盖度及物种组成进行了调查。地上部分生物量采用收获法进行测定, 根系采用土柱法获取, 弃耕前后土壤有机碳含量的测定采用K₂Cr₂O₇外加热法。结果表明: 1)积水和冬季火烧对红壤稻田弃耕早期物种组成、丰富度、均匀度及多样性具有重要的影响。双穗雀稗(Paspalum paspaloides)和水竹叶(Murdannia triquetra)是积水条件下的优势种, 而柔枝莠竹(Microstegium vimineum)是冬季火烧条件下的优势种, 大狼杷草(Bidens frondosa)是积水和冬季火烧条件下的共优种。2)分布在0-5 cm表层土壤中的根系占0-20 cm深度土壤中根系的66.50%-80.34%。样地在积水条件下, 2011-2013年0-20 cm深度的土壤根系生物量分别高出对照样地的49.84%、73.34%和28.94%。3)冬季火烧可以提高样地的物种多样性和增加地上部分生物量, 2011-2013年冬季火烧样地分别高出对照样地的25.74%、64.30%和50.24%。4)与稻田弃耕前土壤有机碳含量逐渐上升趋势相反, 稻田弃耕6年后, 对照、积水、冬季火烧和积水-冬季火烧样地中土壤有机碳含量分别降低11.16%、18.99%、9.17%和19.12%, 并且在积水条件下土壤有机碳含量降低更明显(p < 0.05)。研究结果表明, 红壤稻田弃耕后地表植被物种组成、地上和地下生物量、土壤有机碳含量与积水和冬季火烧关系密切(p < 0.05)。     

河西走廊中段绿洲退化土地退耕种植苜蓿的固碳效应

土地利用变化和耕作管理是人类影响陆地生态系统碳过程一个重要方面.对河西走廊中段张掖绿洲退化土地退耕种植苜蓿5a后土壤性状的分析表明, 49个退耕苜蓿地土壤与相邻未退耕农田土壤配对样本的比较,退耕苜蓿地0～15cm土层土壤粒级组成和容重并未发生显著变化,但土壤pH平均提高了0.11个单位,电导率降低34.8%,土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(全N)含量较对照农田土壤平均提高18.5%和9.3%,活性有机碳(labile C)增加53.3%.SOC含量受海拔高度和土壤粒粉粒含量的影响,退耕后SOC和全N的增加幅度沙壤土高于粉壤土,而labile C的增加幅度沙壤土低于粉壤土.退耕苜蓿地0～15cm土层SOC和全N储量较农田土壤分别增加2.84Mg hm~(-2)和0.21Mg hm~(-2),土壤C、N的固存率平均为0.57Mg hm~(-2)a~(-1)和0.04 Mg hm~(-2)a~(-1),表明退化土地由1年生作物向多年生牧草的转变有显著的固碳效应和潜力.活性有机碳的变化较总有机碳的变化更为显著,表明活性有机碳对土地利用变化的响应更为敏感.     

草地土壤固碳潜力研究进展

土壤固碳功能和固碳潜力已成为全球气候变化和陆地生态系统研究的重点。草地土壤有机碳库,作为陆地土壤有机碳库的重要组成部分,其较小幅度的波动,将会影响整个陆地生态系统碳循环,进而影响全球气候变化。因此,深入研究草地土壤固碳功能和固碳潜力对于适应和减缓气候变化具有重要意义。在土壤固碳潜力相关概念界定基础上,结合《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》,从样点及区域尺度上综述了目前关于草地土壤固碳潜力的一般估算方法,同时对各类方法的特点及适用性进行了评述,提出了草地生态系统固碳潜力研究概念模型。最后在对草地土壤固碳的影响因素及固碳措施总结的基础上,阐明了草地土壤有机碳固定研究中存在的问题和发展前景。     

橡胶人工林碳储量变化和固碳潜力分析

研究不同林龄橡胶林（Hevea brasiliensis）碳储量变化对了解橡胶林生态系统固碳潜力和碳循环过程具有重要意义。该研究以海南省儋州市不同林龄橡胶林为研究对象,分析不同林龄（6、12、18、23、27、35 a）橡胶林生长过程中乔木层、林下植被、枯落物、土壤及生态系统碳储量的变化,比较橡胶林生态系统固碳速率与固碳潜力。结果表明,乔木层碳储量为14.87～63.53 t C/hm²,依次为35 a>27 a>23 a>18 a>6 a。林下植被碳储量为0.30～0.75 t C/hm²,35 a林下植被碳储量显著高于其他林龄。枯落物碳储量为1.72～2.03 t C/hm²,18 a和35 a林的枯落物碳储量最高。土壤碳储量为81.21～156.68 t C/hm²,依次为27 a>18 a>23 a>12 a>35 a>6 a。在35 a的生命周期中有25.27 t C/hm²被固定在土壤中,存在一个以碳固定为主到碳排放为主的转变过程。橡胶林生态系统总碳储量为98.30～214.74 t C/hm²,依次为27 a>18 a>23 a>35 a>12 a>6 a。6 a幼林龄碳储量显著低于27 a成熟林。土壤和乔木层碳储量是橡胶林的重要碳库,分别占生态系统总碳储量的68.16%～91.27%和16.71%～40.59%,枯落物碳储量小于2.1%,林下植被小于1%。橡胶林生态系统具有较大的固碳速率和固碳潜力,是营造高效固碳人工林、推动区域有效减排战略的理想树种。     

六盘山林区几种土地利用方式下土壤活性有机碳的比较

 应用KMnO4氧化法测定分析了六盘山林区天然次生林（杂灌林、山杨（Populus davidanda）和辽东栎（Querces liaotungensis）林）、农田、草地和人工林（13、18和25年华北落叶松（Larix principis-rupprechtii））土壤活性有机碳含量及分配比例的差异。结果表明：农田和草地土壤活性有机碳含量比天然次生林分别低60%和36%,差异主要在0～70 cm土层;人工林比农田和草地分别高129%和29%,差异主要在0～50 cm土层。农田和草地土壤活性有机碳分配比例比天然次生林分别低11%和4%以上, 差异主要在0～20 cm与70～110 cm土层;人工林比农田和草地分别高13.3%和5.3%,差异主要在0～110 cm土层。土壤活性有机碳含量和分配比例随土层加深而递减,其中天然次生林和人工林土壤活性有机碳含量随土层加深而递减的幅度比农田和草地中大,农田土壤活性有机碳分配比例随土层加深而递减幅度较大。不同土地利用方式间土壤活性有机碳含量的差异比活性有机碳分配比例的差异大,土壤活性有机碳含量随土层加深而递减的幅度比分配比例随土层加深而递减的幅度大。这可能由土壤有机碳的输入、稳定性、质量和根系分布等差异所致。结果说明土壤活性有机碳含量和分配比例随天然次生林变成农田或草地而降低,随农田或草地中造林而增加,且土壤活性有机碳含量的变化幅度比分配比例大。另外,土壤活性有机碳含量和分配比例在土壤剖面的分布也随土地利用变化而改变,其中活性有机碳含量的变化幅度比分配比例大。     

米亚罗林区土地利用变化对土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的影响

为了解土地利用变化对土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的影响,分析了川西米亚罗林区原始冷杉林、20世纪60年代云杉人工林、20世纪80年代云杉人工林和农地的土壤有机碳和微生物量碳状况.结果表明,土地利用变化明显地影响了土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量.土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量原始林最高,其次为60年代人工林和80年代人工林,农地最低.农地土壤有机碳含量分别比原始林、60年代人工林和80年代人工林低83%、53%和52%,微生物量碳含量分别低23%、25%和21%.土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量均随土壤深度的增加而降低,并且两者在不同土地利用类型的变化趋势基本一致.相关分析表明,土壤有机碳和土壤微生物量碳与全氮、水解氮、速效磷呈极显著相关(P＜0.01),说明土壤微生物量碳可作为衡量土壤有机碳变化的敏感指标,而土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量可作为衡量土壤肥力和土壤质量变化的重要指标.     

Agricultural management impacts on soil organic carbon storage under moist and dry climatic conditions of temperate and tropical regions

We conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the impact of changing agricultural land use and management on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage under moist and dry climatic conditions of temperate and tropical regions. We derived estimates of management impacts for a carbon accounting approach developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, addressing the impact of long-term cultivation, setting-aside land from crop production, changing tillage management, and modifying C input to the soil by varying cropping practices. We found 126 articles that met our criteria and analyzed the data in linear mixed-effect models. In general, management impacts were sensitive to climate in the following order from largest to smallest changes in SOC: tropical moist>tropical dry>temperate moist>temperate dry. For example, long-term cultivation caused the greatest loss of SOC in tropical moist climates, with cultivated soils having 0.58 ± 0.12, or 58% of the amount found under native vegetation, followed by tropical dry climates with 0.69 ± 0.13, temperate moist with 0.71 ± 0.04, and temperate dry with 0.82 ± 0.04. Similarly, converting from conventional tillage to no-till increased SOC storage over 20 years by a factor of 1.23 ± 0.05 in tropical moist climates, which is a 23% increase in SOC, while the corresponding change in tropical dry climates was 1.17 ± 0.05, temperate moist was 1.16 ± 0.02, and temperate dry was 1.10 ± 0.03. These results demonstrate that agricultural management impacts on SOC storage will vary depending on climatic conditions that influence the plant and soil processes driving soil organic matter dynamics.     

土地利用变化对土壤有机碳贮量的影响

通过对比分析六盘山林区典型天然次生林(杂灌林、山杨和辽东栎林)与农田、草地及农田、草地与人工林(13、18和25年生华北落叶松)邻近样地土壤有机碳含量和密度及其在土壤剖面上分布的差异,研究了天然次生林变成农田或草地及农田或草地造林后对土壤有机碳贮量的影响,结果表明,土壤有机碳含量方面,农田和草地比天然次生林分别低54％和27％,差异主要在0～50cm土层;农田和草地比人工林分别低42％和26％,差异主要在0～40cm土层,土壤有机碳密度方面,农田和草地比天然次生林分别低35％和14％,差异主要在0～50cm土层;农田比人工林低23％,草地比人工林高4％,差异主要在0～30cm土层．天然次生林和人工林土壤有机碳含量和密度随土层加深而递减的幅度比农田或草地大．这些差异主要由土地利用变化引起的土壤有机碳输入与输出及根系分布的变化所致．结果说明六盘山林区天然次生林破坏变成草地或农田后土壤有机碳含量和密度(主要是0～50cm土层)将下降,而农田中造林后土壤有机碳含量和密度(主要是0～30cm土层)又将增加,草地上造林后土壤有机碳含量增加而密度变化不大。另外,土壤有机碳含量和密度在土壤剖面上的分布也将随土地利用变化而发生改变。     

Carbon accumulation in agricultural soils after afforestation: a meta-analysis

Deforestation usually results in significant losses of soil organic carbon (SOC). The rate and factors determining the recovery of this C pool with afforestation are still poorly understood. This paper provides a review of the influence of afforestation on SOC stocks based on a meta-analysis of 33 recent publications (totaling 120 sites and 189 observations), with the aim of determining the factors responsible for the restoration of SOC following afforestation. Based on a mixed linear model, the meta-analysis indicates that the main factors that contribute to restoring SOC stocks after afforestation are: previous land use, tree species planted, soil clay content, preplanting disturbance and, to a lesser extent, climatic zone. Specifically, this meta-analysis (1) indicates that the positive impact of afforestation on SOC stocks is more pronounced in cropland soils than in pastures or natural grasslands; (2) suggests that broadleaf tree species have a greater capacity to accumulate SOC than coniferous species; (3) underscores that afforestation using pine species does not result in a net loss of the whole soil-profile carbon stocks compared with initial values (agricultural soil) when the surface organic layer is included in the accounting; (4) demonstrates that clay-rich soils (> 33%) have a greater capacity to accumulate SOC than soils with a lower clay content (< 33%); (5) indicates that minimizing preplanting disturbances may increase the rate at which SOC stocks are replenished; and (6) suggests that afforestation carried out in the boreal climate zone results in small SOC losses compared with other climate zones, probably because trees grow more slowly under these conditions, although this does not rule out gains over time after the conversion. This study also highlights the importance of the methodological approach used when developing the sampling design, especially the inclusion of the organic layer in the accounting.     

Soil organic matter dynamics under soybean exposed to elevated [CO2]

It is unclear how changing atmospheric composition will influence the plant–soil interactions that determine soil organic matter (SOM) levels in fertile agricultural soils. Positive effects of CO₂ fertilization on plant productivity and residue returns should increase SOM stocks unless mineralization or biomass removal rates increase in proportion to offset gains. Our objectives were to quantify changes in SOM stocks and labile fractions in prime farmland supporting a conventionally managed corn–soybean system and the seasonal dynamics of labile C and N in soybean in plots exposed to elevated [CO₂] (550 ppm) under free-air concentration enrichment (FACE) conditions. Changes in SOM stocks including reduced C/N ratios and labile N stocks suggest that SOM declined slightly and became more decomposed in all plots after 3 years. Plant available N (>273 mg N kg⁻¹) and other nutrients (Bray P, 22–50 ppm; extractable K, 157–237 ppm; Ca, 2,378–2,730 ppm; Mg, 245–317 ppm) were in the high to medium range. Exposure to elevated [CO₂] failed to increase particulate organic matter C (POM-C) and increased POM-N concentrations slightly in the surface depth despite known increases (≈30%) in root biomass. This, and elevated CO₂ efflux rates indicate accelerated decay rates in fumigated plots (2001: elevated [CO₂]: 10.5 ± 1.2 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ vs. ambient: 8.9 ± 1.0 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹). There were no treatment-based differences in the within-season dynamics of SOM. Soil POM-C and POM-N contents were slightly greater in the surface depth of elevated than ambient plots. Most studies attribute limited ability of fumigated soils to accumulate SOM to N limitation and/or limited plant response to CO₂ fertilization. In this study, SOM turnover appears to be accelerated under elevated [CO₂] even though soil moisture and nutrients are non-limiting and plant productivity is consistently increased. Accelerated SOM turnover rates may have long-term implications for soil’s productive potential and calls for deeper investigation into C and N dynamics in highly-productive row crop systems.     

草地生态系统碳循环及其对全球变化的响应I.碳循环的分室模型、碳输入与贮量

概述了草地生态系统碳素循环的一般特征,介绍了一个草地碳循环的分室模型;对世界草地生态系统的碳贮量和碳输入量的有关数据进行了归纳整理,并初步讨论了草地生态系统在全球碳循环中的作用。     

Carbon and nitrogen in a temperate agroforestry system: Using stable isotopes as a tool to understand soil dynamics

Natural exchanges of carbon (C) between the atmosphere, the oceans, and terrestrial ecosystems are currently being modified through human activities as a result of fossil fuel burning and the conversion of tropical forests to agricultural land. These activities have led to a steady increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) over the last two Centuries. The goal of this study was to determine the potential of temperate agroforestry systems to sequester C in soil. Therefore, changes in the soil organic C (SOC) and nitrogen (N) pools were quantified and the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N stable isotope technique was applied to assess soil C and N dynamics in a 13-year old hybrid poplar alley cropping system in Southern Canada. Results from this study showed that after 13 years of alley cropping the SOC and N pools did not differ significantly (p = 0.01) with distance from the tree row, although a trend of a larger SOC and N pool near the tree row could be observed. Soil organic C after 13 years of alley cropping, was 19 mg C g⁻¹ compared to 11 mg C g⁻¹ upon initiation of agroforestry. Soil organic C and N were not evenly distributed throughout the plow layer. The largest C and N pool occurred in the top 20 cm, which is due to the accumulation of organic material in the upper horizons as a result of no-till cultivation. The entire soil, to a 40 cm depth, showed a δ¹³C shift to that of C₃ residue. This shift reflects the greater input of residues from C₃ plants such as that derived from beans, wheat, and hybrid poplar leaf litterfall. The proportion of C derived from a C₃ source ranged from 64 to 69% to a 40 cm depth. The soil δ¹⁵N signature of this study is similar to that of mineral soil, and reflect values characteristic of N mineralization processes. However, the entire soil shows a positive shift in δ¹⁵N as a result of historical additions of manure and current use of mineral fertilizers, and ongoing processes of denitrification and nitrate leaching, which leads to an enrichment of the soil.