基于土地利用变化的贵州坝子土地利用功能演变研究

贵州省为典型喀斯特山区,强烈的人类活动主要分布在坝地地区,研究坝子土地利用功能演变对土地可持续利用具有重要价值。基于土地利用变化,根据三生功能理论构建土地利用功能分类体系,以贵州省1990年、2000年、2010年和2016年四期遥感影像为数据源,借助ArcGIS10.2软件平台构建土地利用功能转移矩阵和坝子功能冷热点分布图。研究表明:(1)贵州省坝子土地利用功能已由以传统农业生产功能为主转为以传统农业生产功能-农村居住生活功能为主,坝子土地利用由单一功能向多功能转变;(2)1990—2016年,坝子的功能类型增加10种类型,其中8类是复合类型,坝子功能向多样性转变;(3)单一功能与复合功能坝子比例变化曲线呈"X"型,到2016年,复合功能坝子比例大于单一功能坝子;(4)1990—2000年,坝子土地利用功能变化缓慢,2000年以后坝子土地利用功能变化强烈;(5)传统农业生产功能转移最为强烈,主要转移为城镇居住生活功能、农村居住生活功能、工业生产功能及与之相关的复合功能和自然生态功能;(6)各种功能类型坝子冷热点的空间分布变化复杂,从总体上看各功能的空间分布由集聚变为分散。     

植物水孔蛋白的亚细胞分布与生理功能研究浅析

水孔蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)因具有水转运活性而得名,然而随着研究的深入,水孔蛋白转运活性的多样性与生理功能的多样性不断被报道．本文综合分析了植物水孔蛋白亚细胞定位与功能多样性的研究进展,重点综述了植物水孔蛋白广泛的亚细胞分布特点,以及亚细胞上的再分布现象与植物水孔蛋白生理功能多样性间的关系,并对植物水孔蛋白研究中存在的 问题及研究方向进行了分析,认为水孔蛋白多样化的生理功能的作用机制需要结合其组织定位与亚细胞定位进行分析才能 揭示．     

生态系统服务多样性与景观多功能性——从科学理念到综合评估

生态系统和景观是构成地球表层系统的基本功能单元。从对人类生存和发展支撑作用以及人类对环境合理利用和保护的角度,逐渐形成了生态系统服务和多功能景观的科学概念,相关的理论和应用研究也很快成为学术热点。但是从国内外主要进展上看,生态系统服务和景观多功能性的定量化研究都还比较薄弱。生态系统与景观具有等级关联性,前者是构成后者的基本要素,生态系统服务和景观功能具有同源性。因此,将生态系统服务与景观多功能性研究紧密结合既有现实基础又能够深化彼此研究的定量化水平,并进一步提出了生态系统服务与景观多功能性综合定量研究的整体性框架。从当前国内外研究文献看,该框架具有可行性,可以作为进一步深化生态系统服务和景观多功能性研究的现实途径。     

Role of LCA in the design of research and development (R&D) of novel processes subject to IPPC and BAT

Establishing BAT (Best Available Techniques) for processes subject to IPPC is a new barrier and one that processes in the development stage need to be aware of. For multi-functional processes, the sectorial approach adopted under IPPC (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) increases the potential problems. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an established tool to assist establishing BAT but is difficult to apply in its full form at the Research and Development (R&D) stage. A review of LCA in the context of a case study, the Trefoil kiln process, concludes that it has the flexibility to cope with multi-functionality and that use of key environmental issues and key indicators could overcome the informational gaps. Environmental burdens can be presented appropriately provided the research identifies appropriate allocation methods. The use of LCA thinking provided useful insight on the content of the research programme.     

Economic allocation: Examples and derived decision tree

Goal, Scope and Background  In the recently published (Dutch) Handbook on LCA, economic allocation is advised as baseline method for most allocation situations in a detailed LCA. Although the Handbook on LCA aimed to provide a ‘cookbook’ with operational guidelines for conducting each step of an LCA, this was not completely achieved for the allocation step. The guidelines for allocation largely remained at the level of principles. This restricted elaboration of economic allocation may hamper application in practice. Therefore, this paper elaborates some examples applying economic allocation. Method  Two concepts are of particular importance when applying economic allocation: functional flow and multi-functional process. The definitions of these concepts are presented and discussed. The basic principle of economic allocation is that having determined the various functional flows of a multi-functional process, all other flows need to be allocated to these functional flows according to their shares in the total proceeds. Proceeds are based on prices and these are not always easy to determine for a process. A summary of possible solutions for different problems when determining prices is given. Results and Discussion  The examples presented focus on co-production and various recycling situations. All examples are hypothetical in order to avoid discussions on the data. The examples show that the prices of the functional flows determine the allocation results. It is of importance to have correct information on the relative prices of the functional flows at stake, especially whether they are negative or positive. Learning from these examples, we establish a decision tree for economic allocation. The decision tree is meant for identifying and handling multi-functionality situations starting from a defined (product) system. This decision tree is with minor adaptations also applicable to other allocation methods and has a more general value than for the economic allocation method only. Conclusions and perspective  The examples have helped us to establish a decision tree for handling the multi-functionality problem by economic allocation. The examples can be broadened to other materials and allocation situations. We would encourage others to provide other examples and experiences as we expect that these will help to further improve and refine the guidelines and decision tree for economic allocation in future.