Potential application of Pistia stratiotes for the phytoremediation of mesotrione and its degradation products from water

Abstract

The aim of the present work is to estimate remediation potential of Pistia stratiotes, its ability to uptake mesotrione (MES) - one of the most frequently used herbicides, and its main degradation products: 2-amino-4-methylsulfonyl benzoic acid (AMBA) and 4-methylsulfonyl-2-nitrobenzoic acid (MNBA). This research focuses on model experiments performed under laboratory conditions. The results show that Pistia stratiotes can uptake up to 75% of degradation products from 1?L of surface water samples polluted with 0.4?µg/L of each analyte during 7?days without significant phytotoxic effect. Under the same experimental conditions, the effectiveness of mesotrione sorption is in the range of 42–58%. The phytotoxicity of this compound is higher in comparison to its degradation products (decrease of chlorophyll concentration in plant tissues exposed to MES 27–32% vs 4–13% in case of exposition to AMBA and MNBA). The adequate nutrition of the plants is crucial to their well-being and thus the sorption of pollutants.     

First isolation and characterization of a bacterial strain that biotransforms the herbicide mesotrione

AIM: The aim of this study was to find and characterize a fungal or bacterial strain capable of metabolizing mesotrione, a new selective herbicide for control of broad-leaved weeds in maize. METHODS AND RESULTS: This strain was isolated from cloud water and showed close phylogenetic relationship with strains belonging to the Bacillus genus, based on 16S rRNA gene alignment. Kinetics of mesotrione degradation were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography and in situ(1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at different concentrations. Mesotrione was completely biotransformed even at 5 mmol l(-1) concentration. 2-Amino-4-methylsulfonyl benzoic acid (AMBA) was identified as one of the metabolites, but was not the major one. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the first rapid mesotrione biotransformation by a pure bacterial strain and the formation of several metabolites including AMBA. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This bacterium isolated from cloud water is the first pure strain capable of rapidly degrading mesotrione.     

硝磺草酮、铜单一和复合胁迫对苦草的生长及生理的影响

农药与重金属是水体中常见的污染物，其在水环境中的污染问题已引起全社会的广泛关注。目前关于农药硝磺草酮与铜的研究主要集中在动物与浮游植物上，对大型水生植物的研究较匮乏。为了阐明水体中常见毒性污染物硝磺草酮与铜对水生植物的潜在毒性作用，本研究探究了二者对长江流域的优势种苦草（Vallisneria natans）的生长及生理影响，旨在为水生植物复合污染的生态毒性效应和生态安全评估提供依据。本研究采用水培法，研究了不同浓度硝磺草酮（0、0.01、1、10、20、50 mg/L）、铜（0、0.1、0.3、0.5、1、2 mg/L）以及（硝磺草酮+铜）在（0+0、0.01+0.1、1+0.3、10+0.5、20+1、50 mg/L+2 mg/L）浓度时对苦草的相对生长率、光合色素（叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素）、抗氧化酶〔超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase， SOD）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase， POD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase， CAT）〕以及可溶性蛋白含量变化的影响。结果显示，单一硝磺草酮对苦草的生长和光合色素的合成、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量具有抑制作用，而对苦草POD活性具有激活效应；单一铜胁迫对苦草生长、光合色素的合成、CAT活性以及可溶性蛋白含量具有显著抑制作用，而对苦草SOD和POD活性具有激活效应；此外，苦草的相对生长率、光合色素、可溶性蛋白含量、CAT活性等指示物对硝磺草酮与铜联合胁迫表现出受害响应，而POD活性显著上升，SOD活性呈现低浓度抑制高浓度促进效应。毒性效应评估结果显示，随着复合胁迫浓度的升高，硝磺草酮和铜对苦草的联合毒性由拮抗作用转为协同作用。硝磺草酮与铜在水体中赋存可能对水生植物产生潜在的生物安全风险，因此要更加关注水体中不同污染物之间综合效应的防治。     

Cytochrome P450 CYP81A10v7 in Lolium rigidum confers metabolic resistance to herbicides across at least five modes of action

Rapid and widespread evolution of multiple herbicide resistance in global weed species endowed by increased capacity to metabolize (degrade) herbicides (metabolic resistance) is a great threat to herbicide sustainability and global food production. Metabolic resistance in the economically damaging crop weed species Lolium rigidum is well known but a molecular understanding has been lacking. We purified a metabolic resistant (R) subset from a field evolved R L. rigidum population. The R, the herbicide susceptible (S) and derived F₂ populations were used for candidate herbicide resistance gene discovery by RNA sequencing. A P450 gene CYP81A10v7 was identified with higher expression in R vs. S plants. Transgenic rice overexpressing this Lolium CYP81A10v7 gene became highly resistant to acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase- and acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides (diclofop-methyl, tralkoxydim, chlorsulfuron) and moderately resistant to hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-inhibiting herbicide (mesotrione), photosystem II-inhibiting herbicides (atrazine and chlorotoluron) and the tubulin-inhibiting herbicide trifluralin. This wide cross-resistance profile to many dissimilar herbicides in CYP81A10v7 transgenic rice generally reflects what is evident in the R L. rigidum. This report clearly showed that a single P450 gene in a cross-pollinated weed species L. rigidum confers resistance to herbicides of at least five modes of action across seven herbicide chemistries.