家蝇介导的水稻基因逃逸风险评估(英文)

【目的】对转基因作物进行生态风险评估是大面积种植前的一个必要步骤,水稻Oryza sativa访花昆虫有上百种,包括家蝇Musca domestica。本研究旨在明确访花昆虫家蝇介导转基因水稻外源基因逃逸的风险。【方法】2010年,我们使用转基因水稻B1, B6和G8-7作为父本(花粉供体),用同源非转基因水稻Jiazao 935和Wuyunjing 7作为母本（花粉受体）,并用家蝇作为授粉昆虫,在浙江大学华家池和长兴试验基地开展了田间种植试验,对收割的后代水稻种子进行室内种植培养,对种苗用潮霉素B和草甘膦处理进行转基因杂交种检测,对存活植株进行潮霉素和草甘膦抗性基因PCR检测,测试家蝇介导的转基因水稻外源基因逃逸频率。【结果】对浙江两个测试基地3个转基因水稻品种共计超过216 500粒后代水稻种子进行的检测及结果表明,在毗邻区域杂交种少,家蝇授粉区和无家蝇授粉区转基因水稻外源基因向非转基因水稻逃逸频率均较低(0~0.64%)。【结论】家蝇介导的转基因水稻外源基因逃逸频率较低,家蝇没有增加转基因水稻外源基因逃逸的风险。     

大豆微核心种质对草甘膦的耐受性鉴定

以萌发初期大豆弯曲的子叶节为靶点,利用草甘膦(Roundup)点施鉴定法,分析了221份大豆微核心种质的草甘膦耐受性及其与抗草甘膦转CP4-EPSPS基因大豆AG5601的差异,结果表明,草甘膦对不同大豆种质的抑制程度与点施的草甘膦浓度呈正相关,Roundup稀释浓度为1/1000、1/10000时,草甘膦对大豆生长几乎无影响;Roundup稀释浓度为1/10时,草甘膦显著抑制大豆生长,导致植株死亡;Roundup稀释浓度为1/100时,不同大豆种质对草甘膦耐受性差异显著,并鉴定出对草甘膦具有较好耐受性的种质10份。虽然大豆微核心种质对草甘膦的耐受程度远远低于AG5601,但不同大豆种质对草甘膦耐受性存在显著差异,这为利用转基因和杂交转育技术培育抗草甘膦转基因大豆的受体或轮回亲本的选择提供了理论依据。     

Experimental management control of Opuntia dillenii Haw. and Agave americana L. in Teno Rural Park,Canary Islands

Invasion biology is an important element of global environmental change and represents one of the main threats to biodiversity. American species were introduced to Tenerife after the Spanish conquest during the eighteenth century, as is the case for Agave americana and Opuntia dillenii. The long period of naturalization and adaptation of these species has led them to become two of the most dispersed introduced species of the archipelago. We analyzed several eradication management processes in an area intensively invaded by both O. dillenii and A. americana. Three treatments were randomly applied: mechanical removal, use of herbicide (glyphosate at 10% volume), and mechanical and herbicide applied together. Both the effectiveness of the treatments to remove the target exotic species biovolume and the impact of the eradication methods on species richness and species composition of the area were analyzed. We found that the treatments had an impact on species composition but not on species richness. Species composition was mainly affected by mechanical treatment. The effect caused by the mechanical removal of the exotic target species in species composition is minor after 4 years, and is related to a higher dominance of shrub species typical of coastal shrubland and of annual or pioneer species. The control of O. dillenii and A. americana is evident from insignificant recovery 4 years after treatment application. A mechanical and herbicide treatment together, allowed not only the immediate removal of large individuals but also the herbicidal control of smaller ones.     

除草剂与水葫芦象甲的协同控制作用

在室内采用水葫芦象甲与除草剂控制水葫芦的试验中发现象甲2头／株＋200mg·L^-1草甘膦对水葫芦的控制效果较显著,药后15d死亡率达到100％;而象甲4头／株＋46mg·L^-12,4-D二甲胺盐对水葫芦的防治效果显著,药后10d死亡率达到90％以上,对照无死亡且有开花现象。     

草甘膦对空心莲子草叶甲Agasicles hygrophila成虫3种代谢酶活性的影响

采用不同浓度的草甘膦0.41 g/L、0.82 g/L、1.23 g/L、1.64g/L、2.05 g/L分别以胃毒和触杀法处理空心莲子草叶甲Agasicles hygrophila成虫,测定其乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)比活力.试验结果表明:两种处理,草甘膦对AChE活力均有不同程度的抑制作用;对CarE活力影响较为显著,在2.05 g/L浓度下,胃毒处理CarE对α-乙酸萘酯(α-NA)和β-乙酸萘酯(β-NA)水解能力分别是对照组的50%和57%,触杀处理CarE对α-乙酸萘酯(α-NA)和β-乙酸荼酯(β-NA)水解能力分别是对照组的53%和59%;胃毒处理埘酶活力影响大于触杀处理,草甘膦对GSTs的活力影响不明显.     

Epigeic spiders are not affected by the genetically modified maize MON 88017

The genetically modified (GM) maize MON 88017 facilitates weed management owing to its tolerance to glyphosate, and resists western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, owing to the expression of Cry3Bb1 toxin. MON 88017 could therefore contribute to the solution of two major problems of European agriculture: continuous WCR spreading and high use of herbicides. To assess possible unwanted environmental impacts of MON 88017, we compared communities of spiders in plots planted in three successive years with this maize, its near isogenic non‐GM cultivar treated or not treated with an insecticide and two unrelated maize cultivars. Each of the five treatments was applied on five 0.5 ha plots in a 14 ha field. Spiders were collected in five pitfall traps per plot five times per year. Upon reaching the waxy ripening stage, all plants of first‐year cultivation were shredded to small pieces and ploughed into the soil in the respective plot, whereas in the 2nd and 3rd year the harvest was used for biogas production and only digestate was returned to the field. Out of 79 spider species, Pardosa agrestis, Pachygnatha degeeri and Oedothorax apicatus made up 28%, 25% and 23% of the total spider count in the 1st year of study; 2%, 8% and 84% in the 2nd; and 40%, 8% and 35% in the 3rd year. Statistical analysis did not reveal any influence of GM maize on the spider abundance and biodiversity. The abundance, and in two years also the species diversity, was insignificantly higher on the plots with GM maize than on plots with the insecticide‐treated non‐GM maize. The composition and size of spider community varied year to year, probably reflecting weather conditions and differences in field fertilization with organic matter.     

Complex Interaction and Adsorption of Glyphosate and Lead in Soil

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine] is a herbicide widely used in large quantities in agricultural applications. It is also known to form complexes with metal ions, although its influence on metal behavior, such as lead (Pb) in soil, is not well understood. In this study, the adsorption and co-adsorption of Pb and glyphosate were determined on two soils [a red (RS) soil, Udic Ferrisol, and a yellow-brown (YB) soil, Udic Luvisol] of distinctly different chemical characteristics at varying pH conditions. Results indicate that the adsorption of lead and glyphosate strongly depends on soil types: the RS soil, characterized by a relatively high iron/aluminum content but a low pH and organic matter content, shows a much lower adsorption capacity for Pb but a higher sorption for glyphosate than the YB soil. The co-existence of Pb and glyphosate in soils resulted in complex interactions among Pb, glyphosate, Pb-glyphosate complexes, and soil minerals. The presence of glyphosate decreased Pb adsorption on the two soils, which was attributed primarily to the formation of soluble Pb-glyphosate complexes having relatively low affinities to soil surfaces. On the other hand, addition of Pb increased the adsorption of glyphosate on both soils, which was attributed to: (1) a decreased solution pH due to the ion exchange between Pb²⁺ and H⁺ on soil surfaces; and (2) increased sorption sites where Pb was adsorbed and acted as a bridge between glyphosate and the soil. The present study illustrates that the complex interactions among glyphosate, Pb, and soil may have important implications for the mobility and bioavailability of Pb in soil and should thus be considered in future environmental risk assessments.     

Population genetics structure of glyphosate‐resistant Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense L. Pers) does not support a single origin of the resistance

Single sequence repeats (SSR) developed for Sorghum bicolor were used to characterize the genetic distance of 46 different Sorghum halepense (Johnsongrass) accessions from Argentina some of which have evolved toward glyphosate resistance. Since Johnsongrass is an allotetraploid and only one subgenome is homologous to cultivated sorghum, some SSR loci amplified up to two alleles while others (presumably more conserved loci) amplified up to four alleles. Twelve SSR providing information of 24 loci representative of Johnsongrass genome were selected for genetic distance characterization. All of them were highly polymorphic, which was evidenced by the number of different alleles found in the samples studied, in some of them up to 20. UPGMA and Mantel analysis showed that Johnsongrass glyphosate‐resistant accessions that belong to different geographic regions do not share similar genetic backgrounds. In contrast, they show closer similarity to their neighboring susceptible counterparts. Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components using the clusters identified by K‐means support the lack of a clear pattern of association among samples and resistance status or province of origin. Consequently, these results do not support a single genetic origin of glyphosate resistance. Nucleotide sequencing of the 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase (EPSPS) encoding gene from glyphosate‐resistant and susceptible accessions collected from different geographic origins showed that none presented expected mutations in aminoacid positions 101 and 106 which are diagnostic of target‐site resistance mechanism.     

油菜转抗草甘膦、抗虫基因获得双抗植株

以草甘膦为筛选剂,用农杆菌介导法将编码5-烯醇式丙酮酸莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶（EPSPS）的aroA—M12基因和编码苏云金杆菌毒蛋白的Btslm基因导入到甘蓝型油菜优良品种湘油15号中。在用草甘膦对转化体进行筛选的基础上．对转基因再生植株进行了PCR检测、Southern blot和Western blot分析．结果证明外源基因确已导入到该油菜品种中,而且表达了相应的蛋白。对转基因植株进行抗草甘膦、抗虫性鉴定的结果表明．转基因植株具有抗草甘膦、抗虫的双重特性。研究结果还表明抗草甘膦的aroA—M12基因在植物基因转化中,既可以用作抗除草剂基因,又可以代替常用的抗生素标记,用作植物筛选标记基因。