国家标本资源共享平台(NSII)支撑生物多样性科学研究的成效分析

随着生物多样性信息学的迅速发展,越来越多开放的生物数据可供科研人员使用。以一个公开数据平台为例分析我国生物多样性领域的研究热点与发展趋势,有助于生物多样性工作者和决策者及时了解我国生物研究的现状及动向,为生物多样性建设提供决策支持。该文以“国家标本资源共享平台(NSII)”及相关词为检索对象,对中国知网和谷歌学术上2013—2023年间的文献进行全文检索,共检索出1 070篇NSII支撑的文献,包括期刊论文(822篇)、学位论文(233篇)、科普文章(5篇)、会议文章(6篇)和报道(4篇)。基于NSII支撑的822篇期刊论文,通过文献计量学的手段和方法,从发文情况、研究主题与热点、研究机构等方面探究NSII支撑的生物多样性研究现状、热点与态势。关键词共现网络图谱分析结果显示,基于数据平台的生物多样性研究热点集中在物种分布分析和建模、气候变化、分类学、生物多样性研究、研究平台建设五个方面。当前我国生物多样性信息学领域发展较快,未来仍需从数据源建设、资源整合、共享能力、业务能力和国际合作等方面努力提升,持续推动生物多样性科学研究的发展。     

Tensile properties of the medial patellofemoral ligament: The effect of specimen orientation

For recurrent patellar dislocation, reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) with replacement autografts has often been performed but with only little data on the tensile properties of the MPFL to guide graft selection. With its complex anatomy and geometry, these properties are difficult to obtain. In this study, we showed how the orientation of the femur-MPFL-patella complex (FMPC) during uniaxial tensile testing can have a significant effect on its structural properties. Twenty two FMPCs were isolated from porcine stifle joints and randomly assigned to two groups of 11 each. For the first group, the specimens were loaded to failure with the patella oriented 30 degrees away from the direction of the applied load to mimic its orientation in situ, called natural orientation. In the second group, the patella was aligned in the direction of the tensile load, called non-natural orientation. The stiffness for the natural orientation group was 65±13 N/mm, 32% higher than that for the non-natural orientation group (50±17 N/mm; p<0.05). The ultimate loads were 438±128 N and 386±136 N, respectively (p>0.05). Ten out of 11 specimens in the natural orientation group failed at the femoral attachment (the narrowest portion of the MPFL) compared to 6 out of 11 in the non-natural orientation group. Our findings suggest that the specimen orientation that mimics the in-situ loading conditions of the MPFL should be used to obtain more representative data for the structural properties of the FMPC.     

Improved specimen preparation for cryo-electron microscopy using a symmetric carbon sandwich technique

Image shift due to beam-induced specimen charging has become the most severe problem in electron microscopy for imaging two-dimensional (2D) crystals of biological macromolecules, especially in the case of highly tilted specimens. Image shift causes diffraction spots perpendicular to the tilt axis to disappear even at medium or low resolution. The yield of good images from tilted specimens prepared on a single layer of continuous carbon support film is therefore very low. In this paper, we have used 2D crystals of aquaporin-4 to investigate the effect of a carbon sandwich preparation method on specimen charging. We find that a larger number of images show sharp diffraction spots perpendicular to the tilt axis if crystals are placed in between two sheets of carbon film as compared to images taken from specimens prepared by the conventional single carbon support film technique. Our results demonstrate that the reproducible carbon sandwich preparation technique overcomes the severe specimen charging problem and thus has the potential to significantly speed up structure analysis by electron crystallography.     

Notes on the key role of stenochoric endemic plants in the floristic regionalization of Yunnan

With the accumulation and accessibility of information about plant species, it is time to re-evaluate and further divide a global biodiversity hotspot region, Yunnan, located in southwestern China. In this study, we combined data on the distribution of 1010 stenochoric endemic seed plants, vegetation constitution, geological history and climate change, and used these to propose a new system of floristic regions. We identified 11 distinct floristic subregions and 84 floristic provinces within Yunnan. Our work confirmed some views emphasized by Wu Zhengyi that the stenochoric endemic species play a key role in defining floristic provinces; that stenochoric endemic plants with long collection and publication histories are more valuable; that greater attention should be paid to woody plants; and that for Yunnan, a border region, some trans-border distributed elements should be treated cautiously.     

The Myriapoda and Onychophora collection (MY) of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (MNHN,Paris)

The Myriapoda and Onychophora collection dataset inventories the occurrence records of the collection of myriapods and onychophorans in the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. The dataset currently consists of 202 lots of onychophorans, representing all of those present, and almost ten thousand (9 795) lots of myriapods, representing 33 to 40% of the MNHN Myriapoda collection. This collection, which is of key historic importance, represents the results of two centuries of myriapod and onychophoran studies. The sources of the collection are worldwide, with a high representation for metropolitan France for the myriapods. None of the occurrences are yet georeferenced. Access to the dataset via the data portals of the MNHN and the GBIF has been made possible through the e-ReColNat project (ANR-11-INBS-0004).The Myriapoda and Onychophora collection of MNHN is actively expanding, hence both the collection and dataset are in continuous growth. The dataset can be accessed through the portals of GBIF at http://www.gbif.org/dataset/3287044c-8c48-4ad6-81d4-4908071bc8db and the MNHN at http://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/collection/my/item/search/form.     

Mallory氏胰岛细胞染色法的改良

目的:为了更清晰地显示胰岛的A细胞、B细胞和D细胞。方法:zenker液固定,分别用苏木精-伊红和改良的Mallory氏法染色。结果:苏木精-伊红染色法,不易区分胰岛内三种细胞,而采用改良的Mallory氏染色方法,能够清晰地显示A细胞、B细胞和D细胞。结论:改良的Mallory氏染色法能够清楚的显示胰岛内三种细胞结构,为实验教学提供了优良的切片标本。     

穿山甲标本和甲片的DNA提取及PCR扩增

为验证经处理后的穿山甲(Manis spp.)标本和甲片是否可以用于种间分子鉴定标记的开发及个体识别工作,本文在样品的预处理、消化、提取后纯化等方面对传统提取方法进行了改进,分别从穿山甲剥制标本、干皮标本及甲片中提取总DNA;然后用Cyt b基因扩增通用引物、12S rRNA基因全序列扩增引物、RAPD引物及微卫星引物进行了PCR扩增,并对部分扩增结果进行了序列测定.结果表明,除剥制标本的脚底皮张组织外,其他样品基本都可以提取出DNA.以此为模板的PCR扩增中,2种线粒体基因引物扩增出明显目的条带,RAPD引物扩增出种间特异条带,测序结果可用于种间特异性引物及SCAR引物的开发;微卫星引物在甲片样品中扩增稳定,可用于个体识别工作.     

Biological ultrastructure research; the first 50 years

The second half of the 20th century has witnessed the birth and growth of biological ultrastructure research--a branch of cell biology in which electron microscopy plays an important role. After a humble start in around 1950, when only a limited arsenal of instrumentation was available, a wealth of auxiliary methodologies were developed and gradually put in use. Here we review these techniques: ultramicrotomy of "optimally" fixed and prepared samples, histochemical methods such as immuno-electron microscopy and electron microscope autoradiography, negative staining techniques, freeze-fracturing and other techniques. Closer to the millennium shift, various cryotechniques have gradually developed. Together with computer-based reconstruction methods they are likely to play increasingly more important roles in the future.     

血源乙肝疫苗的电镜制样方法

用作样品支持物喷碳的铜网,磷钨酸染色制备血源乙肝疫苗电镜检测样品。４９３批血源乙肝疫苗的镜检结果显示：经溴化钾和蔗糖离心后,原料血浆中的Ｄａｎｅ颗粒和管形颗粒已去除,只观察到２２－２４纳米的ＨＢｓＡｇ球形颗粒。