一种鹿科动物标本的分子鉴定

中国是世界上鹿科动物资源最丰富的国家之一,共有18种,分属獐亚科、麂亚科、鹿亚科和美洲鹿亚科,占全球鹿种的41.7％(盛和林等,1992).在皖南分布的鹿科动物有梅花鹿华南亚种(Cervus nippon pseudaxis)、黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)、黄麂(Muntiacus reevesi)和毛冠鹿(Elaphadus cephalophus)(王岐山,1990).2001年11月从泾县获得一具标本(图1-A,标本现保存于安徽师范大学标本馆),体形及大小似梅花鹿,身体背部毛棕褐色,无明显白斑,尾背面黑色、腹面纯白,但鹿角主干表面光滑,无眉叉及其它分叉.鹿角是鹿科动物所特有的结构,是区别于其它有蹄类的标志之一.     

双阳梅花鹿三个EST序列的发现

采用HSV 1－2 TK和人IL－1β特异性引物分别对鹿肝组织cDNA文库及鹿血cDNA进行PCR扩增,得到的特异性cDNA片段分别连入TA克隆载体测序,得到三个EST,输入GeneBank,Swissprot dbEST等数据库中进行同源比较分析,同源分析表明,获得双阳梅花鹿三个基因EST,EST－1为梅花鹿α2－抗纤溶酶同源基因EST,EST－2为梅花鹿水通道蛋白同源基因EST,EST－3为鹿血未知基因EST,并含有一个267个碱基编码88个氨基酸的开放读码框架。     

梅花鹿甲烷能代谢规律的研究

本文应用ＫＢ－１型呼吸测热装置,结合消化、代谢试验,对梅花鹿（Ｃｅｒｖｕｓｎｉｐｐｏｎ）甲烷能代谢规律进行了研究。结果表明,梅花鹿甲烷能的产生量随其采食量的增加而增加;也随着果食后时间的推移而减少,而且减少的幅度又随采食量的增加而下降;甲烷能的产生量分别占总能食入量、消化能食入量和体增热的６．６１％、８．８３％和１０．８８％;甲烷能的产生量随着日粮蛋白质水平的提高而降低,日粮蛋白质水平每提高１个百分点,甲烷能产生量就降低５８．５８ｋＪ／ｄ;分别以总能食入量（ＧＥＩ）和干物质食入量（ＤＭＩ）为自变量所建立的甲烷能（ＣＨ４Ｅ）估计分别为：ＣＨ４Ｅ（ｋＪ／ｄ）＝０．０７ＣＥＪ（ｋＪ／ｄ）－１０１．０４（ｎ＝１２,ｒ＝０．９４４,Ｐ＜０．０１）ＣＨ４Ｅ（ｋＪ／ｄ）＝９８．７８＋１．０５ＤＭＩ（ｇ／ｄ）（ｎ＝１２,ｒ＝０．９４２,Ｐ＜０．０１）     

How do deer affect tree seedlings on a dwarf bamboo-dominated forest floor?

A field experiment was conducted in Mt. Ôdaigahara, west-central Japan, to reveal the effects of two herbivores, Sika deer (Cervus nippon) and mice (Apodemus spp.), on the seedlings of five cohorts of three tree species, Abies homolepis, Fraxinus lanuginosa f. serrata and Fagus crenata. The forest floor of the study site was covered with dwarf bamboo, Sasa nipponica, which would also affect the seedlings. Eight combinations of three treatments were set: exclusion of deer, exclusion of mice and removal of dwarf bamboo. Deer were expected to affect the seedlings not only negatively by foraging but also positively by browsing dwarf bamboo that overshadows seedlings. The survival of these cohorts was analyzed by survival analysis and the differences in their survival between the treatments were investigated. The results of the experiment showed that: (1) exclusion of deer increased the aboveground biomass of dwarf bamboo and made it more difficult for seedlings to survive under the regenerated dwarf bamboo stand, and (2) deer negatively affected the seedlings, but they had positive, indirect effects in some cohorts by decreasing the aboveground biomass of dwarf bamboo. However, such effects were not detected in some cohorts which were affected excessively by deer or dwarf bamboo. No clear results on the effect of mice on seedlings were obtained. We conclude that a positive, indirect effect of deer on seedling survivorship would be observable when the magnitude of a positive, indirect effect caused by decreasing dwarf bamboo is larger than that of a negative, direct effect of deer.     

Successful low dose insemination of flow cytometrically sorted Sika (Cervus nippon) sperm in Wapiti (Cervus elaphus)

The purpose of this study was to determine a practical method in Wapiti (Cervus elaphus) of using predetermined sexed Sika (Cervus nippon) semen. Semen was collected by electro-ejaculation from one stag of proven fertility and transported to the laboratory where it was retained as unsorted (control) or was separated into X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm using a modified high-speed cell sorter. Wapiti hinds (n = 81) were inseminated into the uterus by rectum manipulation with 1 × 10⁶ (X1 and Y1 group, respectively) or 2 × 10⁶ (X2 and Y2 group, respectively) of sorted frozen-thawed and 1 × 10⁷ non-sorted frozen-thawed (a commercial dose control) Sika motile sperm 60–66 h after removal of intra-vaginal progesterone-impregnated CIDR devices and administration of 700 IU of PMSG at the time of CIDR removal. The percentage of hinds calving after insemination was similar for X1 (38.5%), X2 (41.7%), Y1 (44.4%), Y2 (38.9%) groups (P > 0.05), but higher for control (75%) treatment (P < 0.05). Ultimately 15 out of the 16 Sika and Wapiti-hybrid calves produced by Wapiti hinds inseminated with Y-sorted sperm were male (93.7%) and 10/10 (100%) Sika and Wapiti-hybrid calves from hinds inseminated with X-sorted sperm were female. The sex ratio of the Sika and Wapiti-hybrid calves born to hinds inseminated with sex-sorted sperm deviated significantly (P < 0.05) from 50% and 50.0% in the control group. All Sika and Wapiti-hybrid calves were born between 237 and 250 d of gestation. Male and female calves in the control group had similar birth weights and weaning weights as calves from hinds inseminated with X- or Y-sorted sperm. In conclusion it can be said that normal Sika and Wapiti-hybrid calves of predicted sex can be produced after artificial insemination of Wapiti does with low numbers of sex-sorted cryopreserved Sika sperm.     

脊椎动物标本资源信息管理系统的研制及应用*

本文介绍了由中国科学院昆明动物研究所研制开发的“脊椎动物标本资源信息管理系统”和用此系统建立的有关标本资源管理库。首先简要说明了建立脊椎动物标本资源信息管理系统的目的和意义,然后详细介绍了该系统的结构设计、数据模型、基本功能和特点,以及本系统创建或应用的物种和地名代码体系。最后介绍了已经用此系统建立的昆明动物研究所标本馆鸟类、兽类和鱼类标本资源管理库的基本情况。     

中国圈养梅花鹿的遗传多样性和遗传结构

东北梅花鹿(Cervus nippon hortulorum)的野生种群已濒临灭绝,但其圈养种群遍布全国各地,是我国圈养梅花鹿的主要品种(亚种)。为了探讨圈养梅花鹿种群作为东北梅花鹿野外放归项目资源种群的可行性,测定了来自9个圈养种群45只梅花鹿个体的线粒体DNA控制区的部分序列,以此分析我国圈养梅花鹿种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果表明,我国圈养梅花鹿种群的遗传多样性并不贫乏,种群之间并没有发生显著的遗传分化。因此,东北地区的圈养梅花鹿种群可以作为野外放归项目的资源种群,而野外放归项目的建群者应来源于东北地区的多个圈养种群。     

日本日光地区森林中梅花鹿的夏季巢区面积和内部利用

为了估算梅花鹿(Cervusnippon)巢区面积和内部利用以及雌雄个体间的比较,于1993-1997年在日本国日光国立公园使用无线电遥测定位法测定了8头成年雌鹿和4头雄鹿(包括1头亚成年)在森林生境中的活动定位点。按照当地梅花鹿离开和返回越夏地的日期,使用每年6月1日至10月25日的无线电遥测定位数据,采用定值核心法(Fixed kernel)计算了梅花鹿的夏季巢区面积和内部利用密度分布。梅花鹿雄鹿夏季巢区面积(192·5±50·5 hm2)显著大于雌鹿(115·7±56·7 hm2,P=0·017) ,其半家区面积(HRS0·50)和核心区面积(HRS0·25)也显著大于雌鹿(依次为P=0·027和P=0·042) ,但巢区内部利用集中度指标Ah(HRS0·50/HRS0·95)和Ac(HRS0·25/HRS0·50)在雌雄鹿之间没有显著性差异(依次为P=0·999和P=0·234)。在无线电遥测的12头梅花鹿中, 11头个体的巢区为单核心型,只有1头成年雄鹿的巢区为双核心型。11头梅花鹿个体的混合数据显示巢区面积和体重之间存在显著性相关(P=0·049) [动物学报52 (2) : 235 -241 , 2006]。     

东北梅花鹿初级卵母细胞的超微结构

研究东北梅花鹿初级卵母细胞发育的超微结构变化,目的是为探索东北梅花鹿初级卵母细胞的发育规律提供组织学和形态学依据。本研究于2003年和2004年的6月初到8月末取3只、9月中旬到10月初取4只,共计7只健康经产2~3胎的成年东北梅花鹿卵巢;卵巢经2·5%戊二醛固定液固定后,切取约1mm3的卵巢皮质和直径0·5~1·5mm及1·5~3mm的卵泡作为电镜观察用材料;该材料经0·1MpH7·2的PBS漂洗、1%锇酸固定、不同浓度乙醇脱水后,再经Epon812和丙酮等量混合液浸透,最后用Epon812包埋制块,并用半薄切片机切成0·5~2μm半薄切片;再经亚甲基兰-天青Ⅱ染色后,在光镜下进行卵泡分类和卵母细胞定位;将经定位的材料用超薄切片机切成厚度为700~800的切片,经醋酸铀和柠檬酸铅双重染色后,用透射电镜观察、记录并照相。观察时将卵泡依其直径大小、透明带的形成、卵泡腔的出现等分为原始卵泡、初级卵泡、次级卵泡和三级卵泡4类。研究结果表明,在原始卵泡阶段,卵母细胞为较规则的圆形,质膜与卵泡细胞膜紧密相贴,有时形成桥粒,细胞器多分布于近核区,高尔基体不典型,线粒体多为圆形,嵴较少;在次级卵泡阶段,2~4层的卵泡细胞局部开始形成透明带,4层以上时形成薄的透明带,微绒毛斜伸入透明带内,方向不规律;在直径为0·5~1·5mm的三级卵泡阶段,卵母细胞的透明带增厚,各种细胞器在皮质区内数量较多,皮质区内高尔基体的数目增多,粗面内质网明显减少;在直径为1·5~3mm的三级卵泡阶段,卵母细胞的透明带继续加厚,微绒毛缩短变弯,开始从透明带退出,许多皮质颗粒开始排列在卵母细胞膜下。     

宁国市万家乡梅花鹿资源现状

2002年8月19日至24日对宁国市万家乡梅花鹿资源进行了专项调查。结果表明,在海拔800m以上约20km^2面积范围内,大约栖息70～90头梅花鹿,该地梅花鹿主要栖息在以癞痢尖为中心向四周辐射的峰岭之间。近几年该乡局部种群增长明显,但种群难以向周边地区扩散。人为对高山湿地开发以及长期过度放牧导致部分地区牧草退化。万家乡梅花鹿种群与浙江临安的种群本属一个整体,但由于省界的存在,导致两地种群被人为分割,万家乡的种群被划在清凉峰保护区之外,没有得到理想的保护。对皖南梅花鹿种群采取切实有效的保护措施已刻不容缓。