大麻哈鱼胚胎耳石微结构及其群体环境标记

采用人工调控环境方法对黑龙江、绥芬河大麻哈鱼发眼期胚胎群体耳石日轮进行周期性持续标记。实验分４组: 1组为对照组, 2－3组为变温标记组, 4组为“暴气”-变温标记组, 实验用发眼卵1.2万粒。待胚胎发育至耳石日轮结构形成后实施标记。实验胚胎耳石随着标记期间环境周期性变化及其持续的时间, 形成相应变化节律的日轮标记区。获得各实验组设定环境的日轮标记图谱。人工环境标记的耳石日轮图谱, 暗带色度加深, 明带亮度增大, 并可形成生长轮距不同的标记轮, 与对照组耳石微结构有明显区别, 标记率达到100%。初步建立鱼类耳石标记及其识别技术, 适用于大麻哈鱼等鲑鳟鱼类群体标记。作为安全有效、成本低廉的群体标记技术方法, 鱼类耳石日轮标记在鱼类资源评估和增殖放流效果评价中将会得到广泛应用。       

Trace elements in the otoliths and dorsal spines of albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga, Bonnaterre, 1788): An assessment of the effectiveness of cleaning procedures at removing postmortem contamination

Trace element analysis or “elemental fingerprinting” is widely used in stock structure analyses. Postmortem contamination of bony structures can confound the results of microconstituent studies or introduce an additional source of noise to the data, thus reducing the ability of the technique to detect real variation in trace element concentrations. Despite the potential for postmortem contamination during sample preparation, the effectiveness of the procedures used to remove potential contaminants from sectioned otoliths and other calcareous structures prior to laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA ICP-MS) has not previously been addressed. Otoliths and dorsal spine sections of albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea were deliberately contaminated prior to analysis of trace element composition using LA ICP-MS. The effectiveness of three cleaning treatments (rinsing in ultrapure water, 30% hydrogen peroxide and ultrapure 5% nitric acid) at removing this postmortem contamination were compared. Magnesium and strontium were relatively robust to postmortem effects when exposed to contamination at concentrations of 50 ppm and 200 ppm respectively. Soaking in a solution containing Mn, Cs and Ba (50 ppm) caused a marked increase in the detected concentration of each element in both structures. Translucent bands in both structures were more susceptible to contamination. Rinsing in ultrapure water or hydrogen peroxide was not effective at removing Mn, Cs and Ba contamination from either calcareous structure. Washing the otoliths and spines in nitric acid successfully removed postmortem contaminants.The removal of otoliths from tuna damages the appearance of the fish and has an adverse effect on market value. However spines are easily removed, do not affect the appearance or value of the fish and are the most commonly used structure for age determination. A weak but significant correlation was observed between Ba in opaque zones in otoliths and dorsal spines. All other spine to otolith correlations were not significant. The results do not provide support for the use of spines as an alternative to otoliths in trace elemental analyses.     

Fish otoliths from the Priabonian (Late Eocene) of North Italy and South-East France - Their paleobiogeographical significance

The study of the Late Eocene (Priabonian) otolith associations from Possagno, North-East Italy, and from the Synclinal d’Allons in Haute Provence, South-East France, allows for the reconstruction of a teleost fauna of 55 taxa, which is the most diversified assemblage presently known from the Upper Eocene Paleo-Mediterranean basin. Thirty-six taxa are identified at the species level, and five of those are new: “genus Alepocephalidarum” astrictus, “genus Lophiiformorum” canovae, “genus Agonidarum” sudans, “genus Uranoscopidarum” cochlearis and Aseraggodes laganum. In the Synclinal d’Allons, the otolith associations reflect a tropical to subtropical neritic environment with a few mesopelagic fishes. At Possagno, the associations indicate an environment that changed from one that was deep and exposed to the pelagic realm and then evolved to a more shallow sea with a well-diversified benthic life and less mesopelagic fishes. A paleobiogeographical analysis of all known data on Priabonian otoliths, worldwide, shows clearly a western Atlantic (Louisiana) and an eastern Atlantic-Paleomediterranean association. In the eastern Atlantic-Paleomediterranean association, the Aquitaine association not only differs from the Possagno-Allons association in function of its more distant geographical position, but also by its stronger oceanic character in the southern part of the basin, and by the occurrence in the north, of a very shallow water facies (Saint-Estephe Formation) that contains some taxa which are known nowhere else in the Priabonian. The Ukraine fauna is characterized by a high number of species, which have an Oligocene record in other European sites. The northern geographic location of Ukraine, combined with the good connections to both the North Sea Basin and the Turgai street can provide the explanation. Many Oligocene species (or their close relatives) probably already existed at Eocene times in more northern regions, but could penetrate only in more southern European seas since the strong cooling at the beginning of the Oligocene.     

Age structure, growth and survival rates of the commercial fish Prochilodus nigricans (bocachico) in North-eastern Ecuador

The bocachico, Prochilodus nigricans, is a commercially important fish distributed throughout the central and western Amazon. Age and growth of this species in eastern Ecuador were determined by otolith and scale increment analyses. For otolith analyses, we used thin sections of the astericus, and clear visualization of annuli required the use transmitted polarized light. Accuracy and precision of age estimation were compared to select the best ageing structure. Precision indices showed that otoliths are more reliable than scales to determine the age of bocachicos. Based on marginal increments analysis, we found that annulus formation in both structures occurs once a year between August and December. Seasonal changes in growth were associated with hydrological cycle of the river. The Ecuadorian Prochilodus at the juvenile–adult stage grew faster (i.e., K = 0.29 for ages 2 and older) than conspecific populations from Bolivia and Brazil (K = 0.5). In addition, annual mortality rate (A = 0. 56) was lower than reported for Prochilodus populations elsewhere in the Amazon. We conclude that this population is presently not overexploited, but conservation and management schemes for this population will need to consider that it is an international, trans-boundary migrant.     

Zinc incorporation in the otoliths of juvenile pink snapper (Pagrus auratus Forster): The influence of dietary versus waterborne sources

Separate laboratory experiments were conducted to examine if incorporation of Zn into the otoliths of juvenile pink snapper (Pagrus auratus Forster) was related to levels in the food and/or water. In the first experiment, fish were fed a regular diet (600 mg Zn kg^− 1 dw, control group) or a Zn-enriched diet (6000 mg Zn kg^− 1 dw or 9000 mg Zn kg^− 1 dw) for 35 days. In the second experiment, fish were exposed to waterborne Zn concentrations of < 0.005 µg L^− 1 (control), 50 µg L^− 1, 100 µg L^− 1 and 200 µg L^− 1 for 35 days. The sagittal otoliths were analysed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Juvenile fish exposed to higher concentrations of waterborne Zn did not display increased Zn levels in their otoliths. However, Zn levels in the otoliths of fish consuming the Zn-enriched diet were significantly higher relative to control fish. This study clearly demonstrated that dietary Zn was the major source of Zn incorporated into the otoliths by this marine fish.     

A fourth St. Gallen Formation cycle (?) in the Karpatian Upper Marine Molasse of central Switzerland

The Mauensee section in the Molasse Basin (North Alpine Foreland Basin) of central Switzerland represents one of the best continuously exposed outcrops of the St. Gallen Formation of the Upper Marine Molasse. A similarly well-exposed section is at Schmiedrued, situated about 15 km to the north. Biostratigraphic analysis of mammal and fish faunas shows that both sections are of Early Karpatian age. Palaeoecological analysis of the biota indicates an oligohaline intercalation within the marine part of the sections. This is additionally confirmed by the oxygen isotopic compositions of fish otoliths from the Mauensee section. The overlying marine sequence may represent a fourth cycle in the St. Gallen Formation that might perhaps indicate a Karpatian transgression from the Mediterranean Sea, which has not previously been recognized. Biostratigraphic comparison shows that the sedimentation of the Upper Freshwater Molasse began at the base of the Karpatian in southwest Germany and eastern Switzerland, and in the Middle Karpatian in central Switzerland. The presence of a Karpatian marine sedimentation area in central Switzerland may explain that the terrestrial sedimentation of the Upper Freshwater Molasse began at such different times.This paper is dedicated to Erik Flügel. He always was open and attentive for all topics of palaeontology. We will never forget him.     

齐口裂腹鱼耳石早期生长发育与日轮特征研究

文章研究了在实验室条件下齐口裂腹鱼仔稚鱼耳石早期形态发育与生长特点、第一轮纹出现时间和轮纹沉积规律。结果表明: 在13.5-17.2℃孵化条件下,微耳石和矢耳石在出膜前形成,而星耳石于出膜后第12天出现。在仔稚鱼生长过程中,微耳石由近圆形发育成贻贝形,矢耳石经历近圆形、锲形后发育为箭矢状,星耳石形状由近圆形发育为星芒状。微耳石的前区、背区和腹区及矢耳石的背区和腹区生长呈幂函数关系,而微耳石的后区、矢耳石前区和后区生长以及两对耳石的前后区半径之和与全长均呈线性相关。在(18.50.5)℃和(15.61.1)℃条件下,50%矢耳石样本第一轮纹均在出膜后第 2 天形成(分别为出膜后18h和19h),以后每天形成一轮。微耳石和矢耳石轮纹数均与日龄呈线性相关,方程斜率均与1差异不显著(P0.05),表明两对耳石的轮纹沉积均为日周期性。这些结果为研究齐口裂腹鱼野生种群繁殖期和早期生活史特征等生态学问题提供了重要依据。     

Pleistocene fish otoliths from the Mediterranean Basin: a synthesis

An overview of upper pPliocene and pleistocene otolith assemblages is compiled on the basis of both literature data and newly collected material from several sections located mainly in southern Italy. One hundred and five taxa are listed. Additional comments are provided for taxa subject to discussion. The composition and affinities of the Mediterranean Pleistocene otolith associations (consisting mainly of deep sea fishes) is checked against the available data for Pre-Messinian, Pliocene, and Recent Mediterranean fishes. This analysis is based on the recorded nominal species, but some taxa that could be identified at the generic level only are also included when they are relevant from a biogeographic point of view. Some new data on Piacenzian (middle Pliocene) and Gelasian (upper Pliocene) otoliths are also provided because this time interval still constitutes a major gap in the knowledge of the stratigraphic range of Plio-Pleistocene fish taxa. The Pleistocene deepwater fish fauna of the Mediterranean shows a markedly more oceanic character than the present-day one, a tendency that was all ready observed from early Oligocene till Pliocene times. Starting from the late Piacenzian, an increasing number of Atlantic taxa progressively invaded the Mediterranean including several subpolar and temperate forms. This invasion became stronger in the Gelasian. From this period up to the middle and late Pleistocene, the Mediterranean deepwater fish fauna (mesopelagic and benthopelagic) is enriched by taxa which today are typical for the north Atlantic cold deep water. This faunal shift seems to be correlated with the evolution of the Plio-Pleistocene Mediterranean paleoceanographic setting as well as with the global climatic deterioration.     

Variations in the age and growth of yellowfin tuna larvae,Thunnus albacares,collected about the Mississippi River plume

Synopsis Eight hundred and one yellowfin tuna larvae ranging from 2.57–7.48 mm SL were collected near the Mississippi River discharge plume in the Gulf of Mexico during July and September, 1987. Larvae were most abundant at intermediate salinities (i.e. frontal waters) where chlorophylla and macrozooplankton displacement values were also highest. Using sagittal otolith microstructure, we estimated larval ages ranging from 3–14 d. These ages were used to back calculate spawning dates from 13–24 July and 22–31 August. Mean absolute individual growth rate (length age^–1) was 0.47 mm d^–1, with the least squares linear regression SL = 1.67 + 0.47 AGE (r² = 0.60, Pr> F = 0.0001) representing the best growth curve. Highest growth occurred at intermediate salinities near 31%, and temperatures near 29° C. There was significant temporal variation in growth, with larvae collected in July growing slower than those from September (0.37 and 0.48 mm d^–1, respectively). The pooled instantaneous daily mortality rate (Z) of the larvae was estimated to be 0.33 d^–1 (0.16 d^–1 in July and 0.41 d^–1 in September). These results show that significant spawning of yellowfin tuna may occur in the northern Gulf of Mexico in the vicinity of the Mississippi River discharge plume, and suggest that larval growth and survival may be enhanced in the plume frontal waters.     

The morphology of the otoliths of the bagrid catfish,chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (lacepede) and their use in age determination

Two pairs of otoliths, the saccular and sagittae are shown to be well developed in the catfish,Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus. The gross morphology of each pair is provided. Growth markings arranged in a periodic manner are demonstrated. In addition, daily growth marks are shown to be present. The growth markings on the sagittae are interpreted and used in estimating the age and growth of the species.