中国鸟类新纪录种——白颈鹳

2011年6月10日在云南省迪庆藏族自治州香格里拉县野外考察中,于纳帕海自然保护区发现一大型涉禽,经查阅文献,确认该物种为中国鸟类新纪录种——白颈鹳(Ciconia episcopus)。     

Foraging habitats and utilization distributions of Black-necked Cranes wintering at the Napahai Wetland, China

ABSTRACT.   One of the most endangered populations of Black-necked Cranes ( Grus nigricollis ), the central population, is declining due to habitat loss and degradation, but little is known about their space use patterns and habitat preferences. We examined the space use and habitat preferences of Black-necked Cranes during the winter of 2007–2008 at the Napahai wetland in northwest Yunnan, China, where approximately 300 Black-necked Cranes (>90% of the total central population) spent the winter. Euclidean distance analysis was employed to determine the habitat preferences of Black-necked Cranes, and a local nearest-neighbor, convex-hull construction method was used to examine space use. Our results indicate that Black-necked Cranes preferred shallow marsh and wet meadow habitats and avoided farmland and dry grassland. Core-use areas (50% isopleths) and total-use areas (100% isopleths) accounted for only 1.2% and 28.2% of the study area, respectively. We recommend that habitat protection efforts focus on shallow marsh and wet meadow habitats to maintain preferred foraging sites. Core-use areas, such as the primary foraging areas of Black-necked Cranes, should be designated as part of the core zone of the nature reserve. Monthly shifts in the core-use areas of the cranes also indicate that the reserve should be large enough to permit changes in space use. In addition to preserving habitat, government officials should also take measures to decrease human activity in areas used by foraging Black-necked Cranes.     

放牧对滇西北高原纳帕海沼泽化草甸湿地土壤氮转化的影响

选择位于滇西北高原纳帕海国际重要湿地内的典型沼泽化草甸湿地为研究对象,采用原位土柱室内控制实验法研究了放牧干扰(猪翻拱扰动和牲畜践踏)对沼泽化草甸湿地土壤氮转化的影响。研究结果表明,放牧活动显著提高了沼泽化草甸湿地表层土壤的容重和pH值,降低了土壤含水率、TOC、TN和NH_4~+-N含量,而对NO_3~--N含量影响不显著。放牧干扰下沼泽化草甸湿地土壤的矿化速率和硝化速率均表现为猪翻拱扰动样地(ZG)牲畜践踏样地(JT)对照样地(CK);表现为ZGJTCK。放牧干扰促进了沼泽化草甸湿地土壤的矿化和硝化作用,猪的翻拱活动比牲畜践踏活动对土壤氮矿化和硝化作用的促进作用更显著。放牧干扰下沼泽化草甸湿地土壤的反硝化速率表现为ZGCKJT,猪的翻拱活动促进了土壤N_2O气体的排放,而牲畜践踏活动抑制了土壤N_2O气体的排放。相关性分析表明,受放牧干扰的沼泽化草甸湿地土壤的矿化和硝化速率均与土壤容重、pH呈显著正相关,与土壤含水率、NH_4~+-N、TOC、TN含量呈显著负相关;反硝化速率与TOC含量呈显著负相关。     

纳帕海流域五种优势乔木树种光合速率日变化特征

为了解纳帕海流域高山环境中优势乔木树种光合速率特征及其对环境因子的响应规律,运用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪,分别测定了香格里拉纳帕海流域5种优势乔木树种净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)等主要光合生理参数日变化,并对其与环境因子的相关性进行统计分析。结果表明:(1)所测定的5种优势树种中,除川滇高山栎以外,其他4个树种的Pn均呈双峰型;5种树种Pn峰值大小依次为云杉高山松山楂清溪杨川滇高山栎,分别为21.58、21.57、15.21、14.18、11.87μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。(2)树种气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)在一天之内都呈现出早晚低、中午高的规律,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)与Pn基本呈相反趋势。(3)树种WUE和LUE日均值与Pn值表现出基本一致的顺序特征,云杉和高山松相对较高,WUE分别为3.27和5.82 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),LUE分别为4.42%和2.99%,川滇高山栎最低,仅为0.92 mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和0.74%。(4)树种Pn对PAR和Gs的变化具有显著的响应特征。该区域树种的Pn最大值高于低海拔区域的同类树种;区域内针叶树种的WUE和LUE显著大于阔叶树种,对高山区域内相对较高的辐射环境具有更高效的适应策略;当地环湖面山上种植的大面积云杉树对区域植被的恢复具有高效的现实意义。     

云南纳帕海黑颈鹤越冬行为与生境利用初步观察

2005年10月～2006年3月在纳帕海自然保护区对黑颈鹤越冬期行为和生境利用进行了30天观察.采用扫描取样和目标取样对黑颈鹤的行为和生境利用进行了观察.将行为划分为觅食、喂食与索食、伫立、休息、运动、保养、社群等7种.整个越冬期黑颈鹤的主要行为是觅食,觅食行为在越冬中、末期在所有行为所占比例逐渐增加.黑颈鹤的觅食行为60%以上发生在沼泽,其次是沼泽畔的草地.因此,保护好湿地沼泽对黑颈鹤在纳帕海顺利越冬极为重要.     

高原湿地沼泽化草甸土壤真菌与理化性质的关系

以高原湿地纳帕海沼泽化草甸为研究对象, 采用稀释培养结合形态鉴定比较分析0—20 cm、20—40 cm土层的土壤真菌多样性及群落结构组成, 以及土壤理化性质对土壤真菌多样性及群落结构组成的影响。结果表明: 0—20 cm和20—40 cm土层中的真菌数量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(JSW)和丰富度指数(DMA)均表现为0—20 cm土层> 20—40 cm土层; 分别分离得到土壤真菌12属和10属, 其中木霉属、青霉属、腐霉属、曲霉属同为沼泽化草甸两个土层的优势类群, 表现出较高的相似性, 同时20—40 cm未发现枝孢菌属和壳囊孢属, 又表现出一定的差异性。经RDA冗余分析, 土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾、速效磷、pH、容重和自然含水率可能是影响沼泽化草甸土壤真菌群落结构组成的主要因子。     

Distribution patterns and changes of aquatic plant communities in Napahai Wetland in northwestern Yunnan Plateau, China

Using GPS technology and community research methods for plant communities, we investigated the distribution patterns of aquatic plant communities in the high plateaus of the Napahai Wetlands, Yunnan, China, as well as the species changes of plant communities compared with that of 24 years ago since 2005. We found that the types and numbers of aquatic plant communities have changed. Some pollution-tolerant, nutrient-loving plant communities such as Scirpus tabernaemontani, Zizania caduciflora, Myriophyllum spicatum, and Azolla imbricata flourished, while the primary aquatic plant communities were reduced or even disappeared. The number of aquatic plant communities were increased from nine to 12 with the addition of two new emergent plant communities and one new floating-leaved plant community. The increase in emergent plant communities was significant. From east to west and from south to north, various types of plant communities were continuously distributed, including floating-leaved plant communities, emergent plant communities and submerged plant communities. The composition of the communities became more complicated and the number of accompanying species increased, while the percentage ratio of dominant plant species declined. In 2005, the coverage of emergent plant communities was the largest (528.42 hm²) followed by submerged plant communities (362.50 hm²) and the floating-leaf plant communities was the smallest (70.23 hm²). The variations in the distribution of aquatic plant communities in the Napahai Wetlands reflect the natural responses to the change of the wetland ecological environment. This study indicates that human disturbances have led to an inward movement of the wetland shoreline, a decrease in water quality and a reduction in wetland habitat. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(11): 3624–3630 [译自: 生态学报]     

Distribution patterns and changes of aquatic plant communities in Napahai Wetland in northwestern Yunnan Plateau,China

Using GPS technology and community research methods for plant communities,we investigated the distribution patterns of aquatic plant communities in the high plateaus of the Napahai Wetlands,Yunnan,China,as well as the species changes of plant communities compared with that of 24 years ago since 2005.We found that the types and numbers of aquatic plant communities have changed.Some pollution-tolerant,nutrient-loving plant communities such as Scirpus tabernaemontani,Zizania caduciflora,Myriophyllum spicatum,and Azolla imbricata flourished,while the primary aquatic plant com-munities were reduced or even disappeared.The number of aquatic plant communities were increased from nine to 12 with the addition of two new emergent plant com-munities and one new floating-leaved plant community.The increase in emergent plant communities was signifi-cant.From east to west and from south to north,various types of plant communities were continuously distributed,including floating-leaved plant communities,emergent plant communities and submerged plant communities.The composition of the communities became more com-plicated and the number of accompanying species increased,while the percentage ratio of dominant plant species declined.In 2005,the coverage of emergent plant communities was the largest (528.42 hm2) followed by submerged plant communities (362.50 hm2) and the float-ing-leaf plant communities was the smallest (70.23 hm2).The variations in the distribution of aquatic plant com-munities in the Napahai Wetlands reflect the natural responses to the change of the wetland ecological envir-onment.This study indicates that human disturbances have led to an inward movement of the wetland shoreline,a decrease in water quality and a reduction in wetland habitat.     

区域气候变化对纳帕海湖滨植物生理生化特性的影响

高原湿地是我国重要的生态屏障,关乎流域生态安全。随着气候变暖和极端气候事件频发,探讨高原湿地植物对气候变化的生理生化响应及温度胁迫带来的伤害,对维系高原湿地生态系统的稳定,应对全球气候变化具有重要意义。以高原地区典型湿地纳帕海为研究对象,将适应了纳帕海湿地气候条件的4种优势植物连同生长基质组成的植物-土壤单元,移至不同区域气候条件的拉市海湿地和昆明滇池流域,分析气候变化影响下,4种湿地植物原位异地后的丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)、过氧化物酶(POD)含量等反映植物受到逆境胁迫的生理生化指标变化。研究结果表明,湿地植物虽是隐域植物,但气候变化对其生长产生显著影响,不同湿地植物对气候变化的适应性不同,水葱(Scirpus tabernaemontani)和茭草(Zizania caduciflora)等广布种能够很好地适应气候变暖,两者生物量均随温度上升而增加,在拉市海的增长率分别高达196%和190%,在昆明分别增至487%和408%,MDA、Pro、POD含量则随温度上升而下降,在拉市海的最高降幅分别为16%和24%、27%和12%、14%和58%,在昆明的最高降幅分别为31%和24%、52%和25%、48%和73%,气候的暖化更有利于其生长。刘氏荸荠(Heleocharis liouana)虽为广布种,尽管气候变化对其产生了胁迫,但能通过调节自身的代谢物质来抵御这种变化,反映了广布种对气候变化较强的适应性。小黑三棱(Sparganium simplex),对气候变化较为敏感,随温度的升高其生物量在拉市海的增长率达17%,而在温度更高的昆明则减少了20%,呈现先升高后下降的趋势,同时体内各相关抗逆指标也呈现先下降后上升的趋势,MDA降至0.001387μmol/g,后迅速增至0.002739μmol/g、Pro降至13.386891μg/g,后增至18.172878μg/g,温度升高到一定程度对其产生了不利影响。对于这样一种生态幅较窄的物种,随着气候条件的改变,其生存将面临极大的挑战,显示了高原湿地在全球变暖大背景下的脆弱性,以及高原湿地生态系统维系存在的潜在危机。     

纳帕海高原湿地真菌群落多样性和组成的分布

【背景】位于滇西北的纳帕海高原湿地,是我国唯一的低纬度、高海拔、季节性半封闭型高原湿地。真菌在湿地生态系统的维持和稳定中发挥着特殊作用,然而关于纳帕海高原湿地真菌群落多样性和组成的研究目前仍无报道。【目的】对纳帕海高原湿地不同季节和土壤类型真菌群落多样性和组成及与环境因子的关系开展系统研究分析,促进对高原湿地微生物多样性的深入认识。【方法】采用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术,分析了纳帕海高原湿地不同季节和土壤类型中真菌的数量、群落多样性和组成及其与环境因子的关系。【结果】真菌数量级的变化对于人为干扰下的湿地土壤退化是敏感的响应指标。在真菌群落组成中,约有60%以上未确定的分类信息,40%有确定分类信息的包括6个门17个纲37个目53个科63个属,大部分分类信息集中在Ascomycota门,相对优势属为Gibberella。通过分类水平、OTU水平和β多样性分析比较,在纳帕海高原湿地整体真菌群落多样性和组成受季节变化影响不显著,但不同土壤类型的变化呈显著差异,推测是由于不同采样区植物根际效应和种类的影响。CCA (Canonical correlation analysis)分析表明,在不同采样区受不同土壤理化因子的影响。【结论】揭示了纳帕海高原湿地土壤真菌群落多样性和组成的区域特征,从微生物学角度进一步提出了对纳帕海高原湿地环境保护和恢复的重要性。