微生态制剂在胃肠道疾病中的临床应用

微生态制剂(microbial ecological agents, MEA)是利用益生菌及其代谢产物而制成的一种药物制剂。MEA主要是通过补充有益的微生物来重建人体肠道内的菌群平衡,以治疗多种胃肠道疾病。现就近年来MEA在胃肠道中的作用机制,以及在防治炎症性肠病、与抗生素相关的腹泻、幽门螺杆菌感染和慢性肝病等疾病中的临床应用作一概述,为更好地开发和利用MEA治疗疾病奠定基础。     

Development of MFC using sulphonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) membrane for electricity generation from waste water

Polyether ether ketone was sulphonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) and utilized as a proton exchange membrane (PEM) in a single chamber MFC (SCMFC). The SPEEK was compared with Nafion? 117 in the SCMFC using Escherichia coli. The MFC with the SPEEK membrane produced 55.2% higher power density than Nafion? 117. The oxygen mass transfer coefficient (K(O)) for SPEEK and Nafion? 117 was estimated to be 2.4 × 10(-6)cm/s and 1.6 × 10(-5)cm/s, respectively resulting in reduced substrate loss and increased columbic efficiency (CE) in the case of SPEEK. When the dairy and domestic waste water was treated in SPEEK-SCMFC, fitted with a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), a higher maximum power density was obtained for dairy waste water (5.7 W/m(3)). The results of this study indicate that SPEEK membrane has the potential to greatly enhance the efficiency of MFCs.     

The effects of corticotropin-releasing factor and the urocortins on hypothalamic gamma-amino butyric acid release--the impacts on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and the urocortins (UCNs) are structurally and pharmacologically related neuropeptides which regulate the endocrine, autonomic, emotional and behavioral responses to stress. CRF and UCN1 activate both CRF receptors (CRFR1 and CRFR2) with CRF binding preferentially to CRFR1 and UCN1 binding equipotently to both receptors. UCN2 and UCN3 activate selectively CRFR2. Previously an in vitro study demonstrated that superfusion of both CRF and UCN1 elevated the GABA release elicited by electrical stimulation from rat amygdala, through activation of CRF1 receptors. In the present experiments, the same in vitro settings were used to study the actions of CRF and the urocortins on hypothalamic GABA release. CRF and UCN1 administered in equimolar doses increased significantly the GABA release induced by electrical stimulation from rat hypothalamus. The increasing effects of CRF and UCN1 were inhibited considerably by the selective CRFR1 antagonist antalarmin, but were not influenced by the selective CRFR2 antagonist astressin 2B. UCN2 and UCN3 were ineffective. We conclude that CRF1 receptor agonists induce the release of GABA in the hypothalamus as well as previously the amygdala. We speculate that CRF-induced GABA release may act as a double-edged sword: amygdalar GABA may disinhibit the hypothalamic CRF release, leading to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, whereas hypothalamic GABA may inhibit the hypothalamic CRF release, terminating this activation.     

Detection of tetanus-induced effects in linearly lined-up micropatterned neuronal networks: application of a multi-electrode array chip combined with agarose microstructures

K-7174, a GATA-specific inhibitor, is a putative anti-inflammatory agent that attenuates effects of inflammatory cytokines in certain cell types. However, molecular mechanisms involved have not been elucidated. We found that, in glomerular podocytes, induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by TNF-alpha was abrogated by K-7174. It was correlated with unexpected induction of unfolded protein response (UPR) evidenced by: (1) induction of endogenous indicators 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein, and (2) suppression of an exogenous indicator, endoplasmic reticulum stress-repressive alkaline phosphatase. In podocytes, induction of UPR by either tunicamycin, thapsigargin, A23187 or AB5 subtilase cytotoxin completely reproduced the suppressive effect of K-7174. Furthermore, K-7174-elicited UPR abrogated induction of MCP-1 and iNOS not only by TNF-alpha but also by medium conditioned by activated macrophages. These results suggested a novel, UPR-dependent mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory potential of K-7174.     

拟南芥印迹基因MEA

MEDEA(MEA)是第1个在拟南芥胚乳中发现的印迹基因.MEA基因的印迹受甲基转移酶MET1和DNA糖基酶DME之间的拮抗作用调控.MEA基因编码polycomb group(PcG)蛋白,并与FIE、MSI1等其他PcG蛋白形成复合物,维持与细胞增殖相关基因的表达抑制状态.mea突变会启动未受精状态下中央细胞核的复制,而使种子发生败育.目前已发现Ⅰ型MADSbox基因PHERES1是受MEA直接作用的.研究MEA基因对种子发育的调控,不仅有助于阐明原胚及胚乳启动的机制,在无融合生殖研究中也有意义.PcG蛋白在动植物中的强保守性说明,PcG基因印迹在个体发育过程中有调控作用.     

Protection of mouse spermatogonia against x-ray induced translocations

Adult male C57BL mice were exposed to 75, 150, 300 or 450 R X-rays with or without pre-treatment with Adeturon (S-2-aminoethyl-isothiuronium bromide hydrobromide (AET) adenosine triphosphate, 500 mg/kg b.w.). Twelve weeks later, primary spermatocytes were examined cytologically at diakinesis-metaphase I for persisting chromosomal translocations, namely multivalents in the form of rings or chains.For the dose range studied, regression analysis indicated that the data were best fitted to the equation Y = aD + bD² with coefficients for translocated-cell and translocations-per-cell yields, respectively, a = 1.57·10^?2 and 1.59·10^?2 and b = ?2.29·10^?5 and ?2.09·10^?5, for Adeturon protected irradiated animals vs.a = 1.80·10^?2 and 2.05·10^?2, and b = ?0.94·10^?5 and ?1.19·10^?5, in non-protected irradiated animals.Adeturon protection of heritable structures in mouse germ cells showed a dose reduction factor of about 2.     

入侵植物紫茎泽兰叶内生真菌多样性研究

外来入侵植物通常要和当地的生物发生相互关系并对当地生态系统产生影响。为表明叶内生真菌是否有利于紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）的入侵力,首次调查了其叶内生真菌多样性。利用过夜冰冻组织法和常规的麦芽汁琼脂平板培养法,分别于3、6月份从昆明西山、金殿种群分离得到312个菌株,根据其ITS基因差异,分为77个可操作分类单元（OTUs）,系统发育地位分布在Agaricomycetes、Dothideomycetes、Sordariomycetes和 Pezizomycetes 4个纲。在低阶分类上这些真菌可分为19个属,优势属为链格孢属（Alternaria）（25.09%）和炭疽菌属（Colletotrichum）（10.80%）。有2.09%的菌株属于未知真菌。相比较,6月份的紫茎泽兰种群比3月份具有较高的内生真菌多样性。结果表明,入侵植物紫茎泽兰叶内生真菌非常丰富,这些真菌是否对紫茎泽兰的入侵力具有影响值得今后深入研究。     

Umami evaluation in taste epithelium on microelectrode array by extracellular electrophysiological recording

Umami is one of the basic tastes along with sweet, bitter, sour and salty. It is often elicited by amino acids and can provide a palatable flavor for food. With taste epithelium as the sensing element, microelectrodes can be used to evaluate umami taste by biological responses of the tissue. The electrophysiological activities to umami stimuli are measured with a 60-channel microelectrode array (MEA). Local field potential (LFP) recorded by a MEA system showed different temporal characteristics respectively with l-glutamic acid (l-Glu), l-aspartic acid (l-Asp), l-monosodium glutamate (l-MSG) and l-monosodium aspartate (l-MSA), while remarkable differences were observed between amino acids and their sodium salts. Wealso found that a dose-dependent behavior in the increasing concentrations of umami stimulations and a synergistic enhancement between amino acids and purine nucleotides can be detected. The investigation of this evaluation for umami represents a promising approach for distinguishing and evaluating umami tastants.     

温度对神经元网络活动的影响

利用多通道微电极阵列上培养的海马神经元网络,通过分析28～41℃范围内不同温度时网络自发放电频率．幅度和相邻峰电位时间间隔(interspike interval,ISI)的变化,探讨了温度对网络活动的影响。发现温度升高过程中放电频率、幅度呈不同程度增大的趋势,峰电位数目的变化程度随其间隔的增大呈减小趋势。结果表明体外培养的胎鼠海马神经元的网络活动具有温度敏感性。