Determinants of Delphacidae richness and endemism in China

1. Identifying the macro-scale patterns and the underlying mechanisms of species richness are key aspects of biodiversity-related research. In China, previous studies on the mechanisms underlying insect richness have primarily focused on the current ecological conditions. Therefore, the impact of historical climate change on these mechanisms is less well understood. 2. Here, we use members of the Delphacidae family to evaluate the relative impact of the current environmental conditions and that of the Last Glacial Maximum on total species richness and endemism. Total species richness and endemic species richness were summed in 1° × 1° grid cells that the insects occupied. Generalised linear models, simultaneous autoregressive models, and random forest models were used to assess the effects of different environmental factors on total species richness and endemism. 3. The two patterns of species richness are jointly regulated by the current environment and the Last Glacial Maximum, but their key determinants differ. Winter coldness and the temperature annual range strongly affected the total species richness, but temperature variation during the Last Glacial Maximum also played an important role in the development of species richness. The distribution of endemic species was most strongly affected by the Last Glacial Maximum temperature change. 4. The studies confirm that historical climate change contributes to patterns of insect species richness, particularly patterns of endemism. Considering that China was mildly affected by the last glacial period, we propose that the incorporation of historical climate data into such studies will provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms.     

中国西藏凹距飞虱族一新属和新种记述(半翅目,飞虱科,飞虱亚科)

记述了飞虱科1新属和1新种:西藏宽唇飞虱Latidypenus tibetensis gen.et sp.nov..该属根据后足胫距和雄虫阳茎构造特征,应归属于飞虱亚科中的凹距飞虱族,其亲缘关系接近于圆翅飞虱属Yuanchia Chen et Tasi和奇节飞虱属Mirocauda Chen,但可根据下列的特征与后两者相区别:1)后唇基基部膨大,向两侧扩张,明显宽于额的端部(后者为常态,仅稍宽于额的端部),侧面观,前唇基基部明显低于后唇基的端部,呈阶梯型(后者在同一线上);2)后足刺式为5-8-4(后者为5-6-4);3)后翅ⅡA1脉在端部分岔,A脉分为4支伸达后缘(后者ⅡA1脉在端部不分岔,A脉分为3支伸达后缘).模式种为西藏宽唇飞虱Laticlypenus tibetensis sp.nov..标本采自西藏墨脱上亚东村,灯光诱集.新种模式标本保存在南京农业大学昆虫标本室.     

飞虱科(半翅目)二新种和中国大陆二新纪录种

描记了采自云南西双版纳的飞虱科(半翅目)2新种:弯突淡背飞虱,新种Sogatellana curva sp.nov和刺茎奇臀飞虱,新种Miranus spinaphallus sp.nov.新种弯突淡背飞虱Sogatellana curva sp.nov与属内其它种的区别在于该种的阳基侧突略为弯曲,端部细且外端角不突出,而其它种阳基侧突的内端角和外端角都突出,另外该种膈背缘的形状不同于属内其它种;新种刺茎奇臀飞虱Miranusspinaphallus sp.nov.以阳茎左侧背面有一排刺状突起以及右腹侧面有一排小刺可与奇臀飞虱属其它种类相区别.报道了我国大陆的两个新纪录种,迪索西飞虱Syndelphax disonymos(Kirkaldy)(分布:广东湛江)和蜿蜒茎刺飞虱Sinolacme sinuosa Yang(分布:广西阳朔).新种的模式标本和其它研究标本均保存在中国科学院动物研究所标本馆.     

中国帕飞虱属分类研究(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,飞虱科)

Fennah(1978)根据分布于越南的标本建立了帕飞虱属Palego,仅包括其模式种Palego simulator Fennah,1978;葛钟麟(1982)根据分布于中国南部的标本建立了披突飞虱属Parathri-ambus,并指定刺披突飞虱Parathriambus spinosus为其模式种,该属现在包括2种.作者在整理研究保存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆的该属标本时,发现帕飞虱属Palego的模式种;根据葛钟麟(1982)对披突飞虱属Parathriambus的属征描述,作者发现该属与Fennah(1978)建立的帕飞虱属Palego的属征吻合.据此,作者提出:披突飞虱属Parathriambus Kuoh,1982应为帕飞虱属Palego Fen-nah,1978的新异名.文中对该属属征进行了重新描记,原来隶属披突飞虱属Parathriambus的2个种同时被移入帕飞虱属;帕飞虱属Palego的模式种Palego simulator Fennah也是在中国的首次报道.文中还给出了该属已知种的分种检索表.     

Coexistence of pseudogamous and sexual planthoppers of the genus Ribautodelphax (Homoptera, Delphacidae)

ABSTRACT.

• 1 The occurrence of pseudogamous triploid females in populations of the diploid species Ribautodelphax pungens (Ribaut) was studied throughout Europe.
• 2 Considerable differences in triploid frequencies were found between populations but no regular geographic pattern was discerned.
• 3 Within populations triploid frequencies proved to be stable from generation to generation.
• 4 The twofold reproductive advantage of the pseudogamous triploid females is counterbalanced by active mate discrimination by diploid males against the pseudogamous triploid females in populations with high triploid frequencies.
• 5 Sexual diploid and pseudogamous triploid females showed no differences in phenology.
• 6 Differential winter mortality was found between diploid and triploid larvae.

     

Within‐field spatial distribution patterns of corn planthopper,Peregrinus maidis,and severity of hopperburn and Maize mosaic virus symptoms as influenced by sunn hemp intercropping

Habitat management (e.g., intercropping) may alter within‐field spatial distribution patterns of herbivores, from a typical pattern as observed in a monoculture, and may influence patterns of crop injury. Field trials were conducted to study the effect of intercropping maize, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), with sunn hemp, Crotalaria juncea L. (Fabaceae) strips on within‐field spatial distribution patterns of corn planthopper, Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), and combined severity of hopperburn and Maize mosaic virus (MMV) (Rhabdoviridae: Nucleorhabdovirus) symptoms. In each field trial, spatially explicit data on P. maidis counts and ratings of severity of symptoms were obtained by sampling maize plants at weekly intervals. These data were used to examine the spatial patterns of P. maidis and severity of symptoms in maize‐intercropped and monoculture plots with Spatial Analysis for Distance IndicEs (SADIE) methodology. Spatial aggregation patterns of P. maidis in each treatment plot were not consistent among the field trials and tended to be mediated by their population densities. Interpolation of local cluster indices showed that P. maidis were more often aggregated at the field edges, irrespective of treatment. At times of MMV incidence in field trials (fall 2010 and spring 2011), the patch clusters of P. maidis and symptomatic plants were located at the field edges, but were spatially unassociated in both treatment plots. The results provided an approximation of the unpredictability of P. maidis spatial patterns at different population densities and their association with severity of symptoms in two maize‐cropping systems. However, the gap clusters of symptomatic plants were primarily located at the field interiors and were larger in intercropped than in monoculture plots. Such spatial pattern of symptomatic plants resulted in the reduced incidence of MMV in the intercropped plot compared with the monoculture plot, suggesting intercropping sunn hemp can be a useful tool in the management of MMV in maize fields.     

Imperfect preference for singly parasitized hosts over doubly parasitized hosts in the semisolitary parasitoid Echthrodelphax fairchildii: implications for profitable self-superparasitism

Self‐superparasitism can be profitable (i.e., a fitness gain) when conspecific female adult parasitoids prefer singly parasitized hosts over doubly parasitized hosts. This preference is expected to evolve when the value (i.e., the fitness gain from oviposition) of doubly parasitized hosts is lower than that of singly parasitized hosts. We examined whether such a preference is found in the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), and its semisolitary infanticidal parasitoid Echthrodelphax fairchildii Perkins (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae). We compared the preferences and host values between each of four pairs of double and triple parasitism, each of which had the same time interval between the first and last oviposition bouts. Ovipositions on doubly and singly parasitized hosts occurred with similar frequencies in each of the four pairs, even though the doubly parasitized hosts were of lower value than the singly parasitized hosts. However, the value of doubly parasitized hosts with the first and second parasitoid offspring on the same side of the host was higher than that of hosts with the two offspring on different sides, and the value of the former did not differ significantly from that of singly parasitized hosts. The preferences between singly and doubly parasitized hosts with the two offspring on the same or different sides were as expected from differences in their values, except for one pair of double and triple parasitisms. This exception is considered attributable to an imperfect ability to evaluate hosts.     

Variation of pre-ovipositional period in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, collected in tropical, subtropical and temperate Asia

Abstract:  We investigated the pre-ovipositional period of Nilaparvata lugens originating from tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of East and Southeast Asia using laboratory experiments to compare the migration capability of the populations. Macropter females collected in 1992 from Japan and subtropical North Vietnam had a longer immature period than those from tropical Indochina Peninsula, i.e. the day of the first oviposition after eclosion was about 3 days later in the former populations. Populations collected in 1993 and 1994 from Japan, Central and South China, and North Vietnam also had a longer immature period than that of the tropical Malaysian population. Thus, a general trend was demonstrated that macropters originating in temperate and subtropical East Asia had a longer pre-ovipositional period, which is presumably beneficial for pre-reproductive long-distance migration. This finding supports a current hypothesis for the migration system of N. lugens existing in East Asia, which has maintained the capability of long-distance migration throughout years in spite of the disadvantage of prolonged oviposition for multiplication.     

中国皱茎飞虱属一新种（同翅目：飞虱科）

记述采自中国贵州省的飞虱科Ｄｅｌｐｈａｃｉｄａｅ皱茎飞虱属Ｏｐｉｃｏｎｓｉｖａ１新种：白边皱茎飞虱Ｏ．ａｌｂｉｍａｒｇｉｎａｔａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。地贵州大学昆虫研究所。