中国产桫椤类配子体在不同基质胁迫下的形态畸变多样性研究

为了明确土壤污染对中国产桫椤科植物的生殖影响,以探讨中国桫椤类乃至其他濒危蕨类濒危的内在原因。该研究以中国产9种桫椤植物为材料,采用各植物原产地地表土壤培养孢子至配子体成熟,全程比较观察配子体畸变类型,统计畸变率;并分别取3个属的代表种笔筒树、大叶黑桫椤和中华桫椤的孢子,以MS培养基为对照,分别用5mg·kg^-1Pb^2+和1mg·kg^-1Cd^2+单因素胁迫培养配子体,比较观察各组的配子体形态畸变类型,统计畸变率。结果表明:(1)中国产桫椤类9种植物配子体培养过程中共出现17种形态畸变类型,其中4种为分化畸变,7种为假根畸变,4种为细胞畸变,2种为性器畸变。(2)不同培养基——对照组(MS培养基)、原产地土壤、Cd^2+胁迫、Pb^2+胁迫对中国产桫椤科9种植物配子体的平均畸变比例分别是2.28%、12.61%、31.58%和33.58%。(3)9种桫椤的配子体畸变类型及其畸变率均与培养基的胁迫程度呈正相关关系,其配子体发育都受到了产地土壤污染的严重伤害。(4)3种桫椤属植物配子体对土壤环境胁迫的耐受力强弱为黑桫椤属>白桫椤属>桫椤属。(5)桫椤科配子体的形态畸变多样性与胁迫条件之间具有稳定的对应关系。     

Spore morphology and ultrastructure of Cyathea (Cyatheaceae,Pteridophyta) species from southern South America

Spore sculpture and wall structure of eight Cyathea (Cyatheaceae) species from southern South America were studied using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Two layers, i.e. an inner and an outer layer, were observed in the perispore. The inner layer has two strata: the inner stratum is attached to the exospore and composed of rodlets tangentially oriented to the spore surface and randomly intermixed; the outer stratum consists of a three-dimensional network of rodlets with either free or fused distal edges forming spinules. The outer layer is thin, darkly contrasted and covers the rodlets. In most cases, the exospore has two layers and a pitted surface. In Cyathea atrovirens, the exospore surface is smooth, while in C. delgadii and C. myriotricha it is verrucate. The homogeneity of perispore features within the genus Cyathea is evident, while exospore features are heterogeneous. The exospore has different kinds of surface-structures that are of potential interest for assessing evolutionary trends within the group.     

桫椤科三种植物配子体发育的研究

用土壤培养桫椤Alsophila spinulosa(Wall.exHook.)R.M.Tryon、中华桫椤A.costularis Baker和白桫椤Sphaeropteris brunoniana(Hook.)R.M.Tryon的孢子,利用光学显微镜对其配子体发育的各个阶段进行了观察,包括孢子形态及其萌发、原丝体发育特点、片状体和生长点的形成及分化、假根特征、精子器和颈卵器的分化及发育,以及原叶体感染真菌后的显微特征。初步讨论了桫椤科不同属(种)间的配子体发育的系统学意义和有性世代的濒危原因。     

Environmental and neighbourhood effects on tree fern distributions in a neotropical lowland rain forest

Questions: To what extent are the distributions of tropical rain forest tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) related to environmental variation, and is habitat specialization likely to play a role in their local coexistence? Location: Lowland rain forest at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Methods: Generalized linear (GLM) and generalized additive (GAM) logistic regression were used to model the incidence of four tree fern species in relation to environmental and neighbourhood variables in 1154 inventory plots regularly distributed across 6 km² of old‐growth forest. Small and large size classes of the two most abundant species were modelled separately to see whether habitat associations change with ontogeny. Results: GLM and GAM model results were similar. All species had significant distributional biases with respect to micro‐habitat. Environmental variables describing soil variation were included in the models most often, followed by topographic and forest structural variables. The distributions of small individuals were more strongly related to environmental variation than those of larger individuals. Significant neighbourhood effects (spatial autocorrelation in intraspecific distributions and non‐random overlaps in the distributions of certain species pairs) were also identified. Overlaps between congeners did not differ from random, but there was a highly significant overlap in the distributions of the two most common species. Conclusions: Our results support the view that habitat specialization is an important determinant of where on the rain forest landscape tree ferns grow, especially for juvenile plants. However, other factors, such as dispersal limitation, may also contribute to their local coexistence.     

中国黑桫椤属植物(桫椤科)一新组合种

根据来自叶绿体trnL内含子和DNAtrnL F间隔区序列等的证据 ,滇南桫椤Al sophilaaustro yunnanensisS .G .Lu将组合到黑桫椤属Gymnosphaera之下更趋合理。因此 ,本文报道中国黑桫椤属植物一新组合种 :滇南黑桫椤Gymnosphaeraaustro yunnanensis (S .G .Lu)S .G .LuetC .X .Li。     

瘤足蕨科及其近缘类群植物叶表皮微形态扫描电镜观察

瘤足蕨科是一个自然的群,但由于各类群之间的形态差异及种内变异比较大,其分类和系统位置一直有争议。该研究利用扫描电子显微镜对瘤足蕨科10种及其近缘类群桫椤科2种、蚌壳蕨科1种共13种植物,即瘤足蕨(Plagiogyria adnata)、耳形瘤足蕨(P.stenoptera)、镰羽瘤足蕨(P.falcata)、峨嵋瘤足蕨(P.assurgens)、密羽瘤足蕨(P.pycnophylla)、灰背瘤足蕨(P.glauca)、华东瘤足蕨(P.japonica)、华中瘤足蕨(P.euphlebia)、日本瘤足蕨(P.matsumureana)、美洲瘤足蕨(P.pectinata)、桫椤(Alsophila spinulosa)、西亚黑桫椤(A.khasyana)和金毛狗(Cibotium barometz)的叶表皮微形态进行了观察和比较,探讨其分类学意义,并据此编制了供试10个种类的分类检索表。结果表明:13种瘤足蕨科及其近缘类群植物气孔均仅分布在叶下表皮,气孔微下陷,气孔器椭圆形至圆形;叶上下表皮角质层纹饰复杂,类型多样,少数类群叶下表皮具毛状物;多数类群气孔外拱盖凹陷;气孔外拱盖内缘浅波状或齿状;保卫细胞两极大多数有明显的"T"型加厚。不同种间叶表皮扫描电镜特征表现出一定差异,对种的划分有一定的分类学鉴定意义。     

Cyathea bettinae (cyatheaceae), a new tree fern from Bolivia

A new species of Cyatheaceae is described and illustrated:Cyathea bettinae. It is a small tree fern from the mountain forest of northwestern Bolivia.     

蕨类植物染色体数目研究的好材料

染色体数目分析是现代系统与进化植物学研究十分重要和不可缺少的环节。在蕨类植物中,使用根尖或孢子母细胞作为实验材料的经典方法在取样时往往存在困难。该文以3种桫椤科桫椤属植物为例,探寻适合蕨类植物染色体数目研究的材料。由于取样时没有时间、季节和数量上的限制,我们推荐配子体作为蕨类植物染色体数目研究的实验材料。     

Structure and affinities of the petrified plants from the Cretaceous of Japan and Saghalien,V. Tree fern stems from Hokkaido,Paracyathocaulis ogurae gen. et comb. nov. andCyathocaulis yezopteroides sp. nov.

Paracyathocaulis ogurae gen. et comb. nov. andCyathocaulis yezopteroides sp. nov. are Late Cretaceous tree-fern stems with cyatheaceous affinity. They are comparable with the Recent scaly cyatheoids (Cyathea s.l.), as well as with the Cretaceous and Tertiary fossil stems that have similar anatomy. All of these tree ferns, including the Late Jurassic to Early CretaceousOguracaulis Tidwellet al., comprise a well-defined morphological complex within Cyatheaceae, and are considered to be monophyletic. The taxonomy of this complex is analyzed cladistically, and the cladogram is phylogenetically evaluated by reference to the chronological data of fossils.